**4. Evaluation of phytochemical and antimicrobial properties**

As described in previous chapter, various beneficial compounds were reported to be present in grapes-as harvested and grape-based products, and having roles in balancing human metabolic processes related to oxidative stress [74].

Red grapes harvested from Romanian organic and conventional cultivated vineyards have been studied, several phytochemical characteristics such as total phenolic content, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity have been determined, together with antimicrobial activity, and also information on the chemical bonding has been collected. Grape extracts from different anatomic parts that are main components of grape pomace (skins, seeds, and pulps remains) were used in experiments. Main perspective of these studies was to identify and test some possibilities to re-use the by-products generated in economic activities related to vine cultures, and also to differentiate, whenever possible, between the two types of culture management (organic and conventional).

Processes aiming at obtaining high-value added products from wastes generated by wine industry, and also evaluating benefits of organic over conventional viticulture for human health, both need phytochemical and biological data, as well as comparisons/differentiation between varieties and/or cultures characteristics. In the following paragraphs, information on the laboratory protocols and analytical instrumentation applied, together with the chemometric algorithms used to obtain complementary data were detailed.
