**5. Conclusion**

Coupling traditional molecular genetic techniques with, synthetic biology and genome edition based on CRISPR, can enable the rapid optimization of wine yeasts [70]. Even though the era of yeast synthetic biology began in *S. cerevisiae*, it is swiftly expanding to non-*Saccharomyces* yeasts. However, genetic engineering in these yeasts is more challenging and limited by a lack of sophisticated genome editing tools yet and an incomplete knowledge of their genomes, metabolism and cellular physiology [103].
