**8. Proposal for integrated** *Lobesia botrana* **management in Chile**

Chile is the main global table grape exporter. One major challenge for grapevine cultivation is controlling *L. botrana*, which has been declared a quarantining pest in this country, due to the economic damages it generates to grapevines and in table grape exportation. The presence of any individual of this species (egg, larva, etc.) on fruit causes the full lot to be rejected for exportation to target markets without *L. botrana*.

In Chile *L. botrana* has three annual generations, with a diapausal pupal state in the autumn-winter period. In this condition *L. botrana* lives under grapevine bark and has a highly hydrophobic cocoon impeding agrochemicals' penetration, making control difficult. However, EPF strains adapted to low temperatures have shown their ability to infect *L. botrana* in this state [19], with greater control efficacy in early autumn [43], since *L. botrana* cocoons in the start of the season are less dense and hydrophobic, facilitating EPF action. Controlling this pest in autumn and winter allows for reducing individuals in the first flight. In spring, we recommend monitoring black head eggs to apply *B. thuringiensis*. Tapia [43] achieved efficacy rates or 55–85% with various commercial products on 'Red Globe' *V. vinifera* crops. The impacts of EPF and *B. thuringiensis* are shown in **Figure 9** [43]. Based on these studies we propose an integrated control program with EPF-based biopesticide applications from early autumn to late winter, complementing these applications with *B. thuringiensis* from early spring to late summer, according to black head egg

monitoring. The integrated management plan must consider the MD strategy in vineyards and releasing natural enemies in urban zones with pest concentrations, along with applying synthetic chemical products -preferably green label-after moth flight alerts (**Figure 9**).
