**5. Management of stored grain pests**

Insects are notorious to cause enormous damage to grains, pulses, and many other substances either directly or indirectly by consuming the seeds or seed products or through the accretion of exuviae, cadavers, and webbing. Hence making the stored products unfit and unhygienic for human consumption due to the accumulation of insect detritus [22]. Stored grain pests can infest almost all grains stored inside bins or containers as well as outside the fields and cause extensive post-harvest damage and pose a great threat to the economy. Once an infestation happens, a suitable environment is created for the attraction of other invasive insects for further loss. The most consumed and the most common stored food products are pulses and food grains in the tropical and sub-tropical regions

of the world. In villages, about 70% of grains produced are stored in traditional objects such as earthen pots, steel drums, granaries, silos, gunny bags, baskets, and wooden buckets [23], such types of storage methods may often lead to loss of food grains and pulses [24]. Controlling strategy without synthetic pesticides requires an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach. The IPM approach is not based on a single component instead it is based on various components for the efficient management of insect pests. These components are described here.
