**4. Conclusion**

There is an urgent need to address greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and climate changes occurring due to rampant use of fossil fuels. Rice straw, being an abundant source of lignocellulosic feedstock, has the potential to produce green energy to address the above said global concerns. Lignin and hemicellulose complexes act as hinderance to produce energy efficient cultigens and hence, various studies are being made to down regulate the gene involved in their biosynthesis without affecting the plant system and cellulose concentration. Directly engineering cellulose synthase genes also provides an alternative opportunity in designing plant cell wall architecture. Stay green traits and heterosis breeding enhance the opportunity of developing energy efficient varieties to a greater extent. Thus, the role of plant breeding can never be bypassed as careful selection of individuals for dual traits will be highly rewarding in achieving the goal of growing dual-purpose rice varieties.
