**7. Other virulence factors of uropathogenic** *Escherichia coli*

Toll receptor (TIR)/interleukin1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing protein (TcpC) is a novel class of virulence factors that destabilize TIR signaling for UPEC to survive during UTIs [68]. Interaction of TcpC with myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) found in the host ends the downstream signaling pathways mediated by TLRs [69].

UPEC produces outer membrane protease T (OmpT) that catalyzes plasminogen activation to plasmin [70]. OmpT helps UPEC to persist in the urinary tract when protamine and other cation peptides cleave with antibiotic activity [71, 72]. UPEC also decreases cytokines production by blocking nuclear factor kappa-light-chainenhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) [68]. In **Table 1**, prominent UPEC virulence factors, their role and genetic markers are presented.


#### **Table 1.**

*Virulence factors of uropathogenic* Escherichia coli *and their functions.*
