**9. Novel approaches to control** *E. coli* **infections**

Several innovative approaches have been developed to combat antibiotic resistance in MDR *E. coli*, including the use of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as an ultranarrow-spectrum antibiotic, phage therapy, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) [92], and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat – CRISPR-associated (CRISPR-Cas) systems, [93, 94] which are genomic engineering tools for gene knock-out and knock-in of sequence-specific DNA antibiotic targets. Fast development CRISPR-based synthetic biology may transfigure the way we treat disease in the upcoming years.
