**3. Natural methods**

Plant-based conventional treatments have been employed in the treatment of infectious diseases since ancient times. Plant extracts and specific bioactive compounds isolated from plants are currently employed as either direct medicinal sources or as herbal medications to treat leishmaniasis and other microbiological infections [17]. Due to their nontoxic, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective features, medicinal plants become more favorable than other chemotherapies. Furthermore, natural chemicals derived from plants are regarded as a safe and effective treatment for leishmaniasis [18].

The root extract *Bidens pilosa* has been reported for antileishmanial potential against promastigotes of *L. amazonensis* with IC = 1.5 μg/ml). The *Eugenia uniflora* oil inhibit the growth of promastigotes and amastigotes of *L. amazonensis* while *Ageratum conyzoides* has been active against amastigots form of *Labrus donovani* [19]. The component of *Casearia sylvestris* and *Melampodium divaricatum* has been reported against *L. amazonensis* with IC50 = 10.7 and 14.0 μg/ml [20]. Furthermore, the active components 1,8-cineole, -pinene, and *p*-cymene from *Protium altsonii* and *P. hebetatum* (*Burseraceae*) showed dose-dependent amastigote inhibition, with IC50 values of 48.4, 37, and 46 g/ml, respectively [21]. The butanol fraction of *K. odoratissima* displayed antileishmanial activities against *L. major* promastigote and amastigote with an IC50 value of 154.1 g/ml [22].
