**2.2 Alcohol**

A meta-analysis of 16,395 men showed that alcohol consumption had a detrimental effect on sperm morphology and semen volume [9]. Alcohol canimpair the process of production and maturation and morphological development of spermatozoa [10]. Spermatogenesis appears to decrease with increasing alcohol consumption [11]. Complete or partial cessation of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell-only syndrome is much more common among heavy drinkers than non-drinkers [12].
