**10. Conclusions**

Many research studies suffer from design and analysis flaws, limiting their utility for this purpose. The biological significance of many of the more sensitive end-points is still debated, as is whether studies that only examined conventional end-points are adequate for detecting all potentially relevant effects. Few clear trends have emerged from studies of BPA's effects on wildlife. Terrestrial wildlife is likely to be exposed to low levels of BPA, and few studies have looked at environmentally relevant doses. Although the majority of BPA regulation focuses on human exposure through food packaging, these applications account for only a small portion of BPA use. In the absence of new regulations, if current trends continue, BPA production and environmental release will increase. BPA would not necessarily result in a safer or more thoroughly researched chemical substitute. A more cautious approach to chemical regulation and use may reduce potential environmental impacts. Issues like these will continue to arise as humans become more reliant on chemical advances to meet global needs.

*Bisphenols*
