**6. Plant extraction, identification and quantification by UHPLC and GC-MS**

All four plants described in this chapter was extracted using maceration method (**Figure 3**). Plant extraction, its phytoconstituents identification and quantification were performed using UHPLC and GC-MS analytical methods [80–83]. Results from UHPLC data showed that the concentration of thymoquinone was 2.28 ± 0.68 mg/g of black seed oil [80].

**Table 2** shows main phytoconstituents determined for *Aphanamixis polystachya* leaf extracts using GC-MS including Octadec-9-enoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 2-Pentanone, 2-hydrazino-2-imidazoline and beta-elemene etc. [81]. Previous researches in this area suggest that these phytoconstituents exhibit strong antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory property [84–88], which found to have impact in neurodegenerative disorders including stroke [89–92]. However few of these phytoconstituents have poor solubility in water.

Major phytoconstituents present in the methanolic extract of *Corchorus olitorius* leaf are mentioned in **Table 3**, which are oleic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and

**Figure 3.** *Plant extraction process using maceration method.*


#### **Table 2.**

*List of major components present in the ethanolic leaf extract of Aphanamixis polystachya (adapted from [81]).*


#### **Table 3.**

*List of major components present in the methanolic leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius (adapted from [82]).*

2-hexadecan-1-ol (phytol) etc [82]. Chromatographic results also suggest that μg EGCG was present in one milliliter of green tea leaf, which was extracted using water as solvent at different temperatures [83]. Results also suggest that

*Phospholipid Based Nano Drug Delivery Systems of Phytoconstituents DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101040*

**Figure 4.**

*Green tea leaf extracted at different temperature using water as solvent.*

extraction process performed at high temperature (80°C) exhibited high content of EGCG, which was also observed by other research study (**Figure 4**) [83].
