**3.5 Glioblastoma**

Ivermectin inhibits the growth of glioma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo [25]. Specifically, in glioblastoma and brain endothelial cells, ivermectin has been reported to induce mitochondrial dysfunction. It inhibits cell growth and colony formation and blocks the enzymatic activity of the respiratory chain complex I, thereby decreases mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, and ATP levels while increasing the generation of superoxides that in turn induces cell death by caspase-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, ivermectin also inhibits angiogenesis at concentrations above 5 μM [12].

## **3.6 Leukemia and prostate cancer**

The treatment of OCI-AML2 cells with ivermectin increased the concentration of intracellular chloride ions, leading to hyperpolarization of the plasma and mitochondrial membranes and ROS production [18]. In contrast, DU145 and PPC-1 cells and primary normal hematopoietic cells that were resistant to ivermectin did not demonstrate changes in their plasma membrane potential when treated with up to 6 μM ivermectin. Moreover, the *in vitro* antitumor effect of ivermectin on various cancer cell lines at a concentration of 5 μM showed that DU145 is only minimally reduced in viability and clonogenic capacity, but when it is treated in combination with docetaxel cells demonstrated strong inhibition [22]. In myeloid leukemia cells ivermectin strongly synergizes with daunorubicin and cytarabine [18].
