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## Meet the editor

Aise Seda Artis, MD, is an Associate Professor of Physiology at Western Balkans University, Tirana, Albania. She graduated from Istanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1998. She has experience working as a general practitioner and researcher at clinics in Turkey and the United States. During her training in physiology at Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey, Dr. Artis was mainly in-

volved in hemorheological and neuroscientific research. After training, she worked in the same department as an academic staff member. Prior to her current position, she worked at Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

*by Aise Seda Artis*

*and Julio Garcia*

*and Valentin N. Pavlov*

*by Aise Seda Artis*

Introductory Chapter: Fascinating Blood

Hemodynamic Perspectives in Anemia

and Applications in Cardiology

Defense against Oxidative Stress *by John M. Owen and Kenneth J. Dormer*

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Hemodynamics **9**

**Chapter 2 11**

**Chapter 3 23**

**Chapter 4 45**

**Chapter 5 61**

**Chapter 6 79**

*by Nakul Ravikumar, Geoffrey R. Sheinfeld and William T. McGee*

*by Patrick Geeraert, Hansuk Kim, Safia Ihsan Ali, Ashifa Hudani, Shirin Aliabadi, Monisha Ghosh Srabanti, Hourieh Jamalidinan* 

Cardiovascular Changes during Robot-Assisted Pelvic Surgery *by Ildar I. Lutfarakhmanov, Peter I. Mironov, Ildar R. Galeev* 

The Shear Stress/KLF2/Nrf2/ARE Pathway: A Hemodynamic

Hemodynamic Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis

Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging

## Contents



Preface

Blood is a type of connective tissue in fluid form. Formed elements suspended in the plasma fluid circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system. This book examines both the fluid and cellular components of this fascinating

Following an introductory chapter, the book begins with a section dedicated to

A classical area of physiology, namely hemodynamics, explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the vessels. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Understanding the interaction between different blood flow variables helps to better interpret their implications in various physiopathological conditions. Future research is expected to focus mainly on the relations between hemodynamics and

Chapter 2, "Hemodynamic Perspectives in Anemia", discusses hemodynamic perspectives in anemia patients in critical condition. Emphasizing the transfusion threshold and significance of oxygen delivery and consumption, it shares new modalities to assess volume status and presents the algorithm guiding resuscitation.

Chapter 3, "Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications in Cardiology", discusses data acquisition and pre-processing in four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) and its cardiologic applications. It gives insight into the use of 4D flow MRI in congenital heart disease, mitral regurgitation, atrial fibrillation, and different aortic pathologies like stenosis,

Chapter 4, "Cardiovascular Changes during Robot-Assisted Pelvic Surgery", elaborates cardiovascular complications of robot-assisted laparoscopic pelvic surgery. It highlights the underlying pathophysiology and the importance of perioperative

Chapter 5, "Hemodynamic Alterations in Multiple Sclerosis", presents the cervical and cerebral changes and possible mechanisms of altered perfusion in multiple sclerosis. It also shares methods for the evaluation of perfusion and the clinical

Finally, Chapter 6, "The Shear Stress/KLF2/Nrf2/ARE Pathway: A Hemodynamic Defense against Oxidative Stress", discusses the importance of hemodynamic laminar shear stress in oxidative homeostasis and how to overcome oxidative stress through hemodynamics by the induced shear stress/Krupple-like factor2/Nrf2/ARE

The second section of the book shares novel developments in thalassemia.

novel developments and updates on various topics in hemodynamics.

biological processes with active cellular responses.

coarctation, and bicuspid valve disease.

implications of these alterations.

monitoring.

pathway.

liquid.
