*5.2.3 Other methods*

Several other methods like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and <sup>2</sup> H or 31P solid-state NMR can be used to examine how antimicrobial peptides affect lipid arrangement. The DSC thermogram does not show any alterations in AMPs that traverse through the membrane. Alteration in phosphorus nuclei orientation in the membrane depends upon alteration in 31P chemical shift, and this also gives accessory information on AMP mode of action. 2 H NMR analyses the effect of the AMP on the order of the acyl chain. Currently, DSC is utilized to examine the binding of the AMP MSI-78 with bacteria. Similarly, 31P NMR is used to detect the whole bacterial cells [7].
