**3.5 Simulation software**

Simulators provided with high software-algorithm-based fidelity have been used as training models on ultrasound-guided procedures. Their disadvantages include their high cost and the need for software support. Their advantages include the absolute lack of infection control problems, the possibility of changing the complexity/difficulty level. Simulators can be installed in not clinical settings, such as training rooms, and they can be available at any time of the day or night [30, 31].

## **3.6 Puncture-localization models**

These are artificial models frequently used by radiologists for the training on localization and puncture of nodular or cystic structures, mainly hepatic mammary or thyroid ones [11, 26, 27]. These models are used to get familiarize with the ultrasound machine and with the puncture technique in ultrasound-guided procedures. The *tissue*/*muscle component* can be: piece of poultry breast, liver or tofu, sausage/ cold meat piece or surgical gloves filled with a warm water dilution containing food thickener. The *vascular*/*nodular component* can be whole/pitted olives, cheese puffs-blocks, jelly beans or gumdrops, wires or knitting needles, etc. and they must be included inside the tissue/muscle component (**Figure 6**).

*Revision of Training Models on Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Access: Presentation of an Animal… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101901*


### **Table 1.**

*Training models for ultrasound-guided vascular access: "pros and cons."*
