**3.2 Atrial fibrillation**

In terms of atrial fibrillation, the development of pulmonary vein (PV) electrical isolation has contributed to a significant reduction in the recurrence of AF, particularly in patients with paroxysmal AF. It has previously been shown that the empirical isolation of all four PVs produces better results than the focal ablation of triggers at the PV level or isolation of fewer PVs [4, 5]. Furthermore, in terms of PV isolation, high-power short-duration (HPSD) applications have been shown to be superior to low-power long-duration ablation [20]. In patients with persistent AF and significant remodeling of the left atrium, the use of substrate-based techniques in addition to PV isolation has shown better results [21]. Non-PV electrical activity originating at the level of the Marshall vein, the coronary sinus, and the superior vena cava is another source of AF in some patients; thus, both focal ablation and electrical isolation of these veins have been studied in selected patients [22].

Although previous research has shown an improvement in these patients' ablation results, the long-term impact on outcomes is still unknown, and more research is needed to prove the efficacy of these techniques.
