**4. Chemical compound composition of biomass pyrolysis bio-oil**

The chemical composition of bio-oil derived from different biomass feedstocks is different. The difference can also be caused by other reaction conditions for the

### *The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100223*

pyrolysis operation. This regard provides details of experimental results obtained with varying feedstocks of biomass and reaction conditions in pursuit of chemical production through pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. During pyrolysis, the main components of lignocellulosic biomass will be thermally decomposed to produce valuable chemicals. Cellulose is a high-molecular-weight linear polymer consisting of D-glucose monomer units. The basic units are linked to each other by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Cellulose provides mechanical strength to plant cells and is generally degraded in the temperature range of 315–400°C [24]. Cellulose is classified as a homopolysaccharide, whereas hemicellulose is a heteropolymer referred to as a heteropolysaccharide. Hemicellulose consists of pentosan or hexosan, forming polymers such as xylan, glucan, xyloglucan, and glucomannan. Hemicellulose is usually degraded at 220–315°C. Lignin has a complex three-dimensional structure. The basic lignin units are three monolignol precursors, namely p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Lignin degradation occurs over a wide temperature range covering 150–900°C [13]. **Figure 2** shows a simple pathway for the formation of chemicals produced during the pyrolysis of biomass.


### **Table 3.**

*The chemical compound composition of CS bio-oil.*


### **Table 4.**

*The chemical compound composition of CNS bio-oil.*

### *The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100223*

Based on the results of the GC-MS analysis in **Table 3**, CS bio-oil contains phenol compounds and their derivatives, amines, amides, ketones, benzene, and furans. In **Table 4**, CNS bio-oil contains phenolic compounds and its derivatives, pyrimidines, pyridines, amines, amides, ketones, benzene, acids, and furans. In **Table 5**, CPH bio-oil contains compounds including phenols and its derivatives, amines, amides, ketones, benzene, acids, and furans. The thermal decomposition of cellulose produces carbonyl and furan compounds. Hemicellulose decomposition is similar to cellulose decomposition but produces acids. Meanwhile, the decomposition of lignin produces various types of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds contribute to the taste and color of bio-oil and have antibacterial properties. The


### **Table 5.**

*The chemical compound composition of CPH bio-oil.*

dominant compounds in CS, SNS, and CPH bio-oils are phenolics and their derivatives. High phenolic content is generally applied in food systems as a browning agent or preservative, while it is applied as a pesticide in the agricultural industry. The use of pyrolysis liquid as a pesticide can be applied to all types of commercial biopesticides [26].
