**Abstract**

The pyrolysis method has been used in various fields and has attracted the attention of many researchers so that this method can be applied to treat biomass waste. Pyrolysis of biomass occurs through heating a substance with limited oxygen so that the decomposition of complex compounds such as lignocellulose into simpler compounds occurs. The heat energy of the pyrolysis process encourages the oxidation of biomass so that complex carbon molecules break down into carbon and bio-oil. Pyrolysis of biomass for coconut shells, cashew nut shells, and cocoa pod husk was carried out at a temperature of 400–600°C with a flow rate of 6–7°C/min. The content of bio-oil compounds from its biomass based on the analysis of gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy obtained phenolic acid, pyrimidine derivatives, amines, carbamate acids, furans, esters derivatives, pyridine, ketones, furans, and aldehydes that can be used as active compounds for biopesticides.

**Keywords:** biomass, biopesticide, lignocellulose, pyrolysis

## **1. Introduction**

Global output of biomass production from agricultural and forestry residues is estimated at 146 billion MT per year [1], most of which are disposed of in landfills or burned to ashes. The burning of these biomass residues can cause soil degradation by affecting soil biota. In addition, large amounts of particulates, volatile organic carbon and semi-volatile organic carbon compounds, ash, sulfate aerosols, and trace gases are also released into the atmosphere [2]. These pollutants contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, which can contribute to many serious environmental problems on a global scale, such as increasing global climate change, extinction of biodiversity, and socioeconomic severe and health problems. Therefore, it is essential to minimize the burning or wasting of plant biomass and instead develop low-cost pollution reduction and sustainable technologies to convert it into valuable bioproducts [3].

The chemical composition of biomass, both lignocellulosic and herbaceous, can be characterized by five main components: cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractive/ volatile, and ash. Cellulose and hemicellulose, combined with the third major component of biomass, lignin, make up more than 90% of lignocellulosic biomass and 80% of herbaceous biomass. Lignin is a complex array of phenolic compounds interwoven with the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of the biomass structure. This interwoven property of lignin helps impart rigidity to lignocellulosic materials, such as trees [4]. Biomass can be converted into energy through thermal, biological, and physical conversion processes, such as direct combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification [5].

Pyrolysis of biomass is the decomposition of chemical components of lignocellulosic by heating or incomplete combustion to be broken down into compounds with shorter chains [6]. Pyrolysis is a decomposition process or decomposition of compounds in raw materials in the presence of heat of combustion and limited oxygen so that gas, liquid, and charcoal are obtained, the amount of which is influenced by the type of material, method, and conditions of pyrolysis. Incomplete combustion of pyrolysis causes complex carbon compounds not to be oxidized to carbon dioxide in raw materials containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin [7]. Conversion of agricultural residue biomass by the pyrolysis method into bio-oil is a potentially attractive technology to remove and process waste from agriculture and greenhouses into alternative sources of green energy and value-added chemicals [8]. Researchers at the Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR) at the University of Western Ontario designed a highly automated rapid pyrolysis to convert biomass to bio-oil, gas, and biochar at the temperature of 250- 800°C under nearly atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen [9]. Bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis produces a complex mixture of chemicals including acids, ketones, furans, phenols, hydrosugars, and other oxygenates, which have antibacterial and antifungal properties against several pathogenic and carcinogenic bacteria as well as biopesticides [10–12].
