**5. Application and effectiveness of biopesticide**

Biopesticides are natural pesticides that can be obtained either from a microorganism or certain plant extracts including biomass waste. Utilization of biopesticides in plantation and agricultural management to inhibit or kill pests that cause disease in plants by using active components is found in microbes or certain plant extracts. The main advantages of biopesticides are specificity to target insects, effectiveness at low doses, biodegradability, and low toxicity compared to conventional chemical pesticides. Furthermore, synthetic pesticides are toxic, can kill various kinds of pests and beneficial insects, and cause environmental pollution.

Lignocellulosic biomass decomposition by pyrolysis method produces bio-oil, which can be applied as a biopesticide. The chemical components of bio-oil resulting from lignocellulosic pyrolysis are ammonia, hexane, alcohol, ketone, carbonyl, acetic, and phenolic acids [26–28]. One of the groups of compounds that have the most role in inhibiting microbial growth is phenolic compounds. Biomass contains lignin, a source of phenolic compounds either through the pyrolysis method, which functions as an antioxidant and can be used as a functional food ingredient [29]. Epidemiological studies show that phenolic compounds have potential effects to prevent chronic disease and have anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal [26, 30], and biopesticides [31, 32]. Bio-oil from the pyrolysis results can be used as a biofungicide because it contains active compounds that are effective as inhibitors for the growth of fungi and bacteria (as shown in **Tables 3–5**).

Phenol compounds are compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (–OH), which is directly attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring group. The activity of phenol compounds comes from the number of hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring. Classification of phenolic compounds contained in plants are simple phenols, benzoquinones, phenolic acids, acetophenone, naphthoquinones, xanthones, coumarin bioflavonoids, stilbenes, tyrosine derivatives, hydroxycinnamic acid, flavonoids, lignans, and tannins. Flavonoids and polyphenols can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi [33].

Several researchers have tested the effectiveness of bio-oil from organic waste as a natural pesticide [34, 35]. The bio-oil of the CN exhibited antifungal activity against *Phytophthora plamivora* to 60% at 0.100% v/v concentration, whereas CN bio-oil at concentration 0.125% v/v showed inhibition of *Phytophthora palmivora* growth to 100%. In other words, 0.125% was the fungicidal concentration of the bio-oil. The CN bio-oil can inhibit *Phytophthora palmivora* growth since it contains a great amount of phenolic compounds and it is well known that phenolic compounds are one of the main inhibitors of fungal growth. This was supported by the fact that when the cell wall of fungi treated with phenol, it caused the shrinking, indicating the disruption of cell wall structure [11]. In addition, bio-oil also inhibits the growth of the fungus, *Promecotheca palmivora* is a pathogenic fungus that causes cacao pod rot disease [11]. In Mashuni et al.'s research, CNS bio-oil was used as a natural ingredient to improve the quality of cocoa seed supply during storage to replace synthetic pesticides. The bio-oil of CNS was used as a biofungicide to protect seeds from fungal attack by inhibiting the growth of its mitotoxin, where the

*The Biomass Waste Pyrolysis for Biopesticide Application DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100223*

results showed that bio-oil was better at inhibiting fungal growth on cocoa beans than synthetic fungicides [36].

The content of phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil can inhibit the growth of the fungus *Fusarium oxysporum*. The fungus *F. oxysporum* can cause damage to agricultural management, which is very detrimental to farmers. The fungus *F. oxysporum* damages red chilies, tomatoes, long beans, potatoes, cabbage, and several other crops that will cause the plants to wither [37]. Phenolic compounds that are high enough in bio-oil resulting from biomass pyrolysis can be applied to the inhibition of the growth of the fungus *F. oxysporum* already in the category of murder. The antifungal activity test against *F. oxysporum* was carried out by the dilution method. The CPH bio-oil shows antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1% (v/v) and a minimal killing concentration (MKC) of 9% (v/v) [32].

Biofungicide is a type of natural pesticides that is used to inhibit or kill fungi that cause disease in plants by using active components found in microbes or plants. The use of biofungicides is cheaper and environmental friendly than synthetic fungicides. Bio-oil from the pyrolysis of CN, CNS, and CPH is an alternative that can be used as a raw material for making biopesticides because it contains several active compounds that have the property of inhibiting and killing pathogenic microbes.
