**2. Literature review**

This section describes the literature review by conducting an integrated study of various information collected from library sources to provide a background for

#### *Data Mining Applied for Community Satisfaction Prediction of Rehabilitation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99349*

scientific development in rehabilitation and reconstruction. If necessary, comments and current knowledge trends will be included to show that the development of this knowledge can be included in the development of professionalism. In several sections, there is further information presented in different forms in implementing post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction. All information obtained from this literature review is used as a background to understand community satisfaction.

This paper will discuss about community satisfaction using a data mining approach. It is hoped that data mining can interpret and predict the data collected pre-during-post rehabilitation and reconstruction after the earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction disaster. The use of data mining is believed to be able to provide a new approach in determining a better satisfaction level for the implementation of similar disaster management.

#### **2.1 Disaster vulnerability**

Apart from being famous for its wealth and natural beauty, Indonesia is also a country that is prone to disasters. This condition is because Indonesia is in a dynamic volcanic area and continental plates. This position also causes the shape of Indonesia's relief to varying widely, from mountains with steep slopes to gently sloping areas along very long coastlines, all of which are susceptible to landslide, flood, abrasion, and tsunami hazards. Various hydrometeorological conditions sometimes threaten flooding and landslides, hurricanes or tornadoes, drought-related forest fires, etc. Another threat is disasters caused by various technological failures.

The condition of Indonesia with a reasonably high risk of natural disasters such as Sulawesi Island is a complex area. The location of the Sulawesi is a meeting place for three large plates. The plate is the Indo-Australian Plate moving north, the Pacific Plate moving west, the Eurasian Plate moving south-southeast, and the smaller plate, the Eurasian plate, which moves south-southeast, and the smaller plate, the Philippine Plate. Sulawesi, a young island in Indonesia, is located where subduction and collisions are still active. Based on existing rock blocks, the island of Sulawesi can be divided into three parts of the geological area. The first is West Sulawesi, where tertiary deposits and magma rocks are the dominant parts. Second, Central and Southeast Sulawesi mainly consisting of rocks from the early Cretaceous era. Thrid, East Sulawesi ophiolitic nappe covered Mesozoic and Paleozoic era sedimentary rocks [5].

Palu City is one of the capital cities in Sulawesi, which has a high risk of disaster. Palu was also passed by a significant fault that divides the city firmly on the surface. This fault is often referred to as the Palu-Koro fault, originally called the Fossa Sarassina fault. All geologists and geophysicists who are familiar with the Palu-Koro fault agree that this fault is active. An active fault will experience an earthquake at the exact location of the period. Several studies show repeated earthquakes for hundreds and thousands of years [6]. These faults are thought to have caused the history of earthquakes in the area to be quite long. The history of earthquakes in central Sulawesi has been recorded since the 19th century. Several major earthquakes with a sufficiently large record were in 1968 with 6.7 SR, 1993 at 5.8 SR, and 2005 at 6.2 SR. Meanwhile, the tsunami occurred in 1927 in Palu Bay with a wave height of 15 m, 1968 in Malaga as high as 10 m, and 1996 in Simuntu Pangalaseang as high as 3.4 m [7].

This condition causes Palu's vulnerability to earthquakes to be very high. The studies about earthquake vulnerability by conducting a microtremor test in Palu City based on the earthquake's epicenter from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), magnitude 6.3, which occurred on January 23, 2005 [5]. Microtremor survey to estimate the distribution of solid earthquake vibrations. From the survey, the peak acceleration, velocity, and earthquake susceptibility index were obtained. From these observations, it can be concluded that Palu City has soil conditions with shear wave velocity Vs. < 300 m/s. The peak acceleration can reach more than 400-gal, resulting in significant damage to the building. From microtremor research, it is found that the vulnerability index in hilly areas is low and vice versa. The earthquake vulnerability index in the alluvium area is very high.

### **2.2 Rehabilitation and reconstruction**

Rehabilitation is the repair and recovery of all public or community services to an adequate level in post-disaster areas. The main target of rehabilitation is to normalize or run fairly all aspects of government and community life in post-disaster areas. Rehabilitation is carried out by improving the environment in the disaster area, repairing public infrastructure and facilities, and providing assistance for community housing repairs. Rehabilitation activities also include socio-psychological recovery, health services, reconciliation and conflict resolution, socio-economic and cultural recovery, restoration of security and order. Furthermore, several other main activities that should not be neglected are restoring government functions and public services [8].

The implementation of rehabilitation includes physical repair activities and restoration of non-physical functions. Rehabilitation activities are carried out in areas affected by the disaster and other areas where it is possible to become target areas for rehabilitation activities. Rehabilitation activities must pay attention to building construction standards, social conditions, customs, culture, and economy. Repair of public infrastructure and facilities is an activity to repair public infrastructure and facilities to meet the transportation, smooth economic activities, and the sociocultural life of the community [9].

Socio-economic and cultural recovery is part of the rehabilitation phase, aimed at helping communities affected by disasters to restore their social, economic, and cultural conditions to pre-disaster conditions. Social, economic, and cultural recovery activities are carried out by helping communities to revive and reactivate social, economic, and cultural activities through advocacy and counseling services, activity stimulant assistance, and training. This rehabilitation activity does not only concentrate on physical work but focuses more on social recovery. So the success of rehabilitation is not only measured by the recovery of physical conditions and infrastructure, but rather by the recovery of all community activities [10].

The next stage after or simultaneously with post-disaster management rehabilitation is reconstruction. In terms of handling reconstruction, a proper reconstruction process is needed, based on sound planning, so that it is right on target and orderly in the use of funds. It can increase community resilience to the threat of disasters in the future through disaster risk reduction efforts. A good post-disaster reconstruction process must recover community conditions, both physically, mentally, socially, and economically, and reduce vulnerability to disasters, not exacerbate existing vulnerability conditions that lead to disasters. For the reconstruction process to run well, it is necessary to involve non-governmental organizations and the general public [11]. The objective was to ensure the reconstruction process was planned on time, on quality, and budget, and following its objectives.

*Data Mining Applied for Community Satisfaction Prediction of Rehabilitation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99349*

The reconstruction objective is to permanently rebuild part or all of the physical and non-physical facilities and infrastructure, along with the entire institutional and service system damaged by the disaster, so that conditions are restored. Their functions can run well, and the community can be better protected. From various catastrophic threats [12]. Resource mobilization, including human, equipment, material, and financial resources, is carried out by considering the available resources. Human resources who understand and have professional skills are indispensable in all post-disaster rehabilitation processes and activities. Resources in the form of equipment, materials, and funds are provided and ready to be allocated to support the rehabilitation and reconstruction process.

#### **2.3 Community satisfaction**

Monitoring of post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction is required to monitor disaster recovery processes and activities continuously. The steering committee and government elements carry out monitoring of rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. It may involve planning agencies at the national and regional levels as an overall ingredient in the implementation of rehabilitation [13]. Each rehabilitation program must meet specific achievement indicators, mainly so that each component of public infrastructure and facilities can function adequately again to support the resumption of the social and economic life of the people in the disaster area.

Disaster management activities are an inseparable series. One of the rehabilitation and rehabilitation phase implementations is an activity that must be linked to other stages. In this understanding, rehabilitation and reconstruction relate to the pre-disaster and emergency stages and trauma healing. The whole series of activities can be successful if each stage is carried out with strict monitoring and control. Therefore, disaster management should not be positioned as a goal but to achieve the efficiency and effectiveness of disaster management as a whole [14]. This condition is a necessity that obliges stakeholders to ensure that the planning, preparation, postrehabilitation, and reconstruction stages are carried out under sound management principles.

In the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase, it is necessary to consider the available local resources to meet various implementation needs. Human resources who understand and have professional skills are indispensable in all post-disaster rehabilitation processes and activities. In addition, resources in equipment, materials, and funds are needed and are ready to be allocated to support the rehabilitation process [15]. Rehabilitation and reconstruction activities involving local communities can indirectly assist the community to revive social, economic, and cultural activities. It is hoped that the active involvement of the community in rehabilitation and reconstruction will make the community feel recognized as part of the community and ensure that community expectations are appropriately fulfilled.

The various steps taken during the rehabilitation and reconstruction phase must be ensured that they have met the community's needs or have not. In its stages, a community satisfaction survey is needed in connection with some of the above. This is a comprehensive measure of the level of community satisfaction with the quality of rehabilitation and reconstruction services provided by public service providers [16]. It is necessary to conduct a survey to determine the weaknesses of each indicator of public services. In addition, it can be used to determine the performance of the rehabilitation and reconstruction that has been carried out [17].

#### **2.4 Data mining**

Currently, soft computing methods are carried out by mimicking processes found in nature, such as the brain and natural selection [18]. Soft computing techniques make it possible to perform data processing to reduce uncertainty, imprecision, and ambiguity. In the mid-early 1960s, a new branch of computer science began to attract the attention of most scientists. This new branch, referred to as artificial intelligence (AI), can be defined as the study of how making computers drive the quality of people's work better. The AI approach encourages the development of soft computing in various fields, one of which is the development of data mining.

The development of the information technology industry is speedy, and knowledge in data collection is proliferating. Large databases are not a problem if they can take advantage of computer technology with various primary and supporting applications. All data collected and stored in a suitable database can be precious knowledge (for example, trend models, behavior models) that can support decision-making and optimize action [19]. Classical statistics have limitations for performing large amounts of data analysis or complex relationships between data variables. The solution for this problem and its limitations is to develop computer-based data analysis tools with more excellent capabilities and are automatic [20]. With the development of semi-automatic approaches in various fields of science, in recent decades, there has been an increase and across disciplines, such as AI, statistics, and information systems. This field is formally defined as knowledge discovery from the database (KDD). That in its development, KDD is increasingly known as DM [21].

One step in developing a community satisfaction prediction model in rehabilitation and reconstruction is processing the satisfaction data for each stage in a KDD process to form a DM prediction model. DM is a logical combination of data knowledge and statistical analysis developed in knowledge or a business process that uses statistical techniques, mathematics, artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to extract and identify valuable information for related knowledge from large databases. The DM approach continues to be developed in various scientific fields. In recent times the use of DM for predicting social problems is increasing [22]. At the KDD stage, the DM algorithm has equipped a dataset used during the learning-phase, to be developed into a data-driven model. The model can be described as the relationship between input and output, which can provide helpful information.

Understanding and deepening the scientific field has an essential influence on the success of designing the DM algorithm. The database is only a meaningless set of data if an appropriate algorithm is not approached [23]. Furthermore, Fu also said that reviews carried out in the last few years show that DM's ability is growing in specific domains and depends on continuously developing specific algorithms. In simple cases, science can help identify the right features to model the data that underlie the compilation of scientific databases. Knowledge can also help design business goals that can be achieved using in-depth database analysis.

In this study, the database collects data on various satisfaction variables in the pre, during, and post-rehabilitation and reconstruction. Stages summarized in a post-disaster management system can be defined, and algorithms can be compiled to become real information support in improving mitigation management. The development of a system like this has a significant impact on the scientific development of disaster management, and even if the prediction accuracy is only a little, it is still better than random guessing. The availability of a complete database can provide a better and more reliable satisfaction prediction model [24].

*Data Mining Applied for Community Satisfaction Prediction of Rehabilitation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99349*
