**5. The proposed framework**

The proposed framework combines steps of initial data collection through a survey or other resources, instrument developments, design engagements and data collection (**Figure 3**). The initial step of the framework depends on the survey of the users' needs. It can be achieved through a questionnaire survey or by counting the brief of the clients. The second step is the instrument development steps. It comprises identifying the virtual instrument, defining the task by understanding the affordance of the instruments, and then finalising the design engagement interface. The instrument development stage is a non-linear loop-based iterative process. The instrument development steps itself is a reflective process where the design decision on instrument development depends on testing and self-evaluating approaches. Finally, the design engagement step, where the designer has to design the experiment setup to involve the non-experts in the design process and collect data from the engagement.

**Figure 3.** *The framework.*
