**4. Learner engagement model**

As mentioned, the learner engagement model varies with the type of vocational training institutes either operated and management by the responsible authorities. In a research study conducted by the author for skills development in private sector initiatives, the vocational training institute (or) the vocational service provider is engaged from the end-to-end services in the skill development processes. The service provider is responsible for mobilizing the learners, who are selected based on a prior skill obtained, earlier learning acquired or on the knowledge and skills in the specific domain areas. These learners undergo minimum learning hours, which are usually combination of real classroom teaching and virtual training using multimedia learning resources. These are generally 2D or 3D learning resources. These

#### **Figure 4.**

*Learner engagement model. Source: [23].*

are conveniently packaged in learning skills with skill attainment and assessment, which are modular based. Upon completion of the entire learning hours, the learner is equipped to deliver services in the respective trade and competent to be an expert in the learned domain areas.

**Figure 4** illustrates the typical vocational service provider engaged in training in skill domain areas. The typical learner engagement model is illustrated.
