Meet the editors

Professor Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf is a Professor of Polymer Science at the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Her main research interests are the modification and utilization of green polymers in different fields such as the production of renewable energy, wastewater treatment, and reduction or elimination of environmental pollution. She has published more than sixty research papers and review articles in reputed journals. She also

has several book chapters to her credit. Prof. Manar is a reviewer, guest editor, and editorial board member for several international highly ranked journals. She is also the principal investigator for some national and international projects dealing with environmental issues.

Dr. Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy is an Associate Professor of Polymer Science at the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. His main research interests are polymer engineering, including polymer synthesis and emulsion polymerization, and its applications in the removal of organic compounds from wastewater. He is also interested in polymer nanocomposites, synthesis of nanomaterials from wastes, and synthesis of hyperbranched polymers

and their applications. He has published many research papers and review articles in reputed journals. Dr. Keshawy is a reviewer for several international journals. He is also collaborating on projects dealing with water and environmental issues.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Gasoline Lubricity *by Panagiotis Arkoudeas*

*by Rabab M. Nasser*

and Future Perspectives

*and Abdulraheim M.A. Hasan*

*by Karthika Rajamanickam*

Impacted Environment

**Preface III**

Demulsification, Viscosity Index Improver, Pour Point Depressant **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 23**

**Chapter 3 51**

Bioremediation, Cleaning up **67**

**Chapter 4 69**

**Chapter 5 91**

**Chapter 6 117**

Environmental Impacts of Crude Oil Processes **135**

**Chapter 7 137**

Biotechnological Potentials of Microbe Assisted Eco-Recovery of Crude Oil

*by Sutaria Devanshi, Kamlesh R. Shah, Sudipti Arora and Sonika Saxena*

Acrylic Polymers as Additives for Engine Oil: A Historical Perspective

Green Polymers and Their Uses in Petroleum Industry, Current State

*by Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf, Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy* 

Technologies Involved in the Demulsification of Crude Oil

*by Chioma Bertha Ehis-Eriakha, Stephen Eromosele Akemu, Simon Obgaji Otumala and Chinyere Augusta Ajuzieogu*

Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil *by Raman Kumar Ravi, Shalini Gupta and Reeta Verma*

Actinomycetes as An Environmental Scrubber

## Contents



Preface

Petroleum is one of the most important non-renewable fuel sources in the world. It is also a basic source for many raw materials used in both simple and advanced

**Figure 1** shows the global distribution of crude oil production in 2020 [1].

Petroleum undergoes many complex processes, from its extraction from the ground until it reaches us in the form of different products. The petroleum industry is one of the most important and complex industries. It involves exploration and drilling, oil production, transportation of oil to refineries, and refinement and separation of oil by distillation or thermal cracking into different products (**Figure 2** illustrates some of these operations). The products obtained from

These processes have been thoroughly investigated in numerous studies, papers, books, and other literature [4–7]. Studies are always being conducted to record and document the latest developments in the petroleum industry. As such, this book presents and discusses some of these recent studies. It is divided into four sections. The first section includes three chapters dealing with some materials used in cracking crude oil and improving its specifications. It also includes a chapter devoted to green materials used in the petroleum industry. The second section includes chapters that discuss some operations for reducing or eliminating the hazardous effects of petroleum pollution by chemical or biological methods. The third section is concerned with studying the environmental effects of crude oil, while the fourth section includes case studies from different countries. This book is a useful resource

industries, including the chemical industry.

crude oil include:

• diesel fuel

• fuel oils

• gasoline

• kerosene

• lubricating oils

• paraffin wax

• tar

• liquid petroleum gas (LPG)

• asphalt
