**5. Analytical techniques**

Major, trace and rare earth elements contents (min., max. and mean) for representatives samples of plutonic and volcanic rocks are reported in the **Tables 1**–**3**, respectively. Major elements are analyzed by using wet chemical method using a UVV is spectrophotometer108 and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Varian 240 FS AAS) at Department of Geology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. Trace and rare earth elements are analyzed by ICPMS (PerkinElmer Sciex ELAN DRC II) at National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad. Standardization for major and trace elements including rare earth elements was based on USGS rock standards RGM—1, JG—2 and MRG—1.The analytical precision is found to be in the error level of <5% for major and <105 for trace elements.

#### **6. Bulk geochemistry**

The whole-rock geochemical data of major and minor oxides, trace elements and rare earth elements for the acid volcano-plutonic rocks, are carried out to justify our mineralogical and petrographical results [22]. They are high in SiO2, K2O + Na2O, Al2O3, Ba, Th, U, Y, Rb, Zr, Nb, REEs (except Eu) and low in TiO2, CaO, MgO, V, Sr., Ni, Cr, Ti, P, Eu; typically A-type affinity. Based on the mineral chemical databank, it was investigated that K-feldspar, plagioclase and biotite are important silicate minerals in rock-formation.

#### **6.1 Extrusive phase**

Average values of SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, MnO and P2O5 (in wt %) are in basalts samples as 51.30, 3.18, 1.40, 3.46, 12.24, 3.18, 5.53, 5.70, 2.01 and 0.60 respectively, in trachyte, values are 67.93, 7.93, 1.07, 5.96, 9.00,


#### **Table 1.**

*Major element concentrations of Nakora rocks.*


#### **Table 2.**

*Trace element concentrations of Nakora rocks.*

2.84, 1.15, 1.09, 2.13 and 0.53 respectively whereas rhyolites show average values as 68.46, 9.73, 1.05, 5.65, 7.74, 2.40, 1.92, 1.62, 0.73 and 0.55 respectively.

#### **6.2 Intrusive phase**

The granites show (wt %) SiO2 (66.20–69.60), Al2O3 (7.10–11.90), total alkalies (5.06–9.15), Na2O (0.99–1.19), K2O (4.07–7.96), total iron (2.60–10.00), TiO2 (1.11–3.80), CaO (1.41–3.56) and MgO (0.98–4.75). Gabbros show a wide range of SiO2 (45.49–53.20), Al2O3 (14.90–15.60), total alkalies (6.55–9.51), Na2O


*Petrology and Geochemistry of Nakora Ring Complex with Emphasis on Tectonics… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98609*

#### **Table 3.**

*REE element concentrations of Nakora rocks.*

#### **Figure 5.**

*Total alkali-silica diagram showing classification of Nakora volcanics. Symbols: Rhyolite ( ), Dacite ( ), Trachydacite ( ), Basalt ( ).*

(5.11–7.10), K2O (1.44–2.41), wide variation of total iron (8.90–17.20), high TiO2 (1.67–2.66), CaO (2.80–3.50) and less variation of MgO (6.25–6.50) (wt%).
