**6. Effusive magma versus intrusive magma with the corresponding volcanic forms**

Two types of volcanism are caused by the magma rise through the mantle and the thick crust (**Tables 1** and **2**; [4]): Intrusive versus Extrusive volcanism (**Table 2**). Volatile content is essential for the behavior of the magma that has shaped the Earth's volcanism and volcanic structures [29]. The subcategories of


**Table 1.** *Magma composition.*


**Table 2.**

*Type of intrusive/effusive volcanism.*

these two styles of volcanism are plutonic, sub-volcanic, effusive, and explosive (**Table 2**):

a. *Plutonic intrusive volcanism*: Batholith and Plutons are large intrusive bodies, of granite composition, which originate from partial melting of the crust. They generally have a length of over 2000 km and a maximum width equal to about 1/10 of the length. They are found in areas of the earth's crust where rocks have been folded and dislocated to form mountain ranges (orogenic crust), causing the partial melting process of the deepest crustal part of the folded zone. In practice, they constitute the nucleus of the most impressive mountain ranges, such as the Andes (South America): [Achala Batholith, Argentina, Antioquia Batholith, Colombia, Guanambi Batholith, Bahia, Brazil, Parguaza rapakivi granite Batholith, Venezuela and Colombia, Cerro Aspero Batholith, Argentina, Coastal Batholith of Peru, Colangüil Batholith, Argentina, Cordillera Blanca Batholith, Peru, Vicuña Mackenna Batholith, Chile, Elqui-Limarí Batholith, Chile and Argentina, Futrono-Riñihue Batholith, Chile, Coastal Batholith of central Chile, Panguipulli Batholith, Chile, Patagonian Batholith, Chile and Argentina, North Patagonian Batholith, South Patagonian Batholith] and Europe: The Alps: Adamello Batholith. (**Figure 11A**) (taken from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batholith). Lopoliths: They are intrusive bodies of smaller dimensions than the batholiths of gabbroic composition and originate from the intratelluric crystallization of basaltic magmas of mantle origin that are localized at the base of the crust (**Figure 11B**).
