**2.12 Fenugreek**

There was a significant reduction in several parameters, such as gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels, when fenugreek was used clinically (**Table 1**, [47]). It has antibacterial activity against S. mutans, biofilm formation and acid production [47]. It was able to increase the salivary pH up to 7.83 and decreased the demineralization of the tooth's outer surface [47]. Fenugreek is considered unsafe to use during pregnancy, breastfeeding and for children. Do not use this product without medical advice if you are pregnant [47]. It can interact with blood sugar levels and cause hypoglycemia), or cause bleeding/blood clotting disorders [47].

### **2.13 Anise Plant**

Anise has potent anti-bacterial properties due to the presence of anethole [43]. It has a strong effect against *Staphylococcus aureus*, as well as some gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. In the oral cavity, it works on anaerobic and facultative aerobic periodontal bacteria such as *E. corrodens* and *Prevotella spp* (**Table 1**, [43]). When used as a mouthwash, it was comparable to chlorhexidine in reducing bleeding on probing and increasing the healing process [43]. Anise is likely safe for most adults [43].
