*5.1.4 Chemical remineralization*

CPP-ACP (Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate) also known as the stabilised ACP, was developed based on the idea that CPP being saliva biomimetic solubilises the nano complexes readily, and creates a diffusion gradient that allows them to localise in supragingival plaque [36].

Low pH conditions that arise during a cariogenic attack, facilitate the release of Ca and P ions, inhibiting demineralization and favours the remineralization of the incipient lesions by precipitation of the released ions. This subsurface remineralization pattern produced by CPP-ACP has shown significant improvement in the aesthetics, and strength of the remineralized white spot lesion [29]. Some of the commercially available products are GC tooth mousse, flouride varnish, nanohydroxyapatite system and bioactive glass.

#### *5.1.5 Restorations*

Dental restorations also known as dental fillings are treatments used to restore the function, integrity and morphology of the missing tooth structure. Dental restorations include glass ionomer cement, composites (light-cured, chemically cured or dual-cure), giomers, compomers and veneers.

Restorations are done in cases where aesthetics is of major concern and when there are lesser chances of reversing the damage. Restorations are also considered as a permanent solution [37].

**Figure 4.** *ICON treatment: pre and post treatment.*
