**4.2 Organic conducting material nanocomposites (OMNCs)**

They have a wide variety of properties with some important features, such as ease of processing, recycling, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. The nonstandard semiconductors possess better electronic features, such as high thermal conductivity, high throughput, and high electrical conductivity. The inorganic NPs semiconductors materials have better luminescent and image processing properties. By combining

both the polymers NPs and inorganic semiconductors form a hybrid nanocomposite that became the dominant candidate for photovoltaic cells. A variety of materials are used to form NCs. High performance has been achieved by mixing the CNTs to titina and P3HT with the ability of power conservation. The addition of CNTs improves the thermomechanical characteristics of nanocomposites. Multistage strengthening with nanoparticles enhances electronic efficiency. The carbo-glass amalgamation is a viable solution for developing a composite having multiple functions. The addition of carbon allotropes has led to the improved electrical conduction of polymer and organic sheets. There are many factors that affect a hybrid system and require research to improve these systems. Overall, the nanotubes array and the nanorodbased hybrid system work better. Second, the interaction between organic and inorganic elements determines the effectiveness of cost sharing as well. Additionally, the alignment of power levels in the interface is one of the most important aspects of hybrid systems. Therefore, greater caution is required during the selection of these genotypes. Some guidelines should be followed to improve these systems. The correct combination of inorganics and metal semiconductors should also be taken into account. So,


The nanostructure network greatly assists in hybrid systems, TiO2 has been employed as among the most widely used nanomaterial in our daily lives.

#### **4.3 Multifunctional properties**

Multifunctional materials, such as nanocomposites, are mostly applied as active sensors that perform multiple functions. Au (Pt) doped with α Fe2O3, nanospindles work in many ways to combine co-oxidation, and gas sensing devices. Catalytic activity is measured in a stainless steel bed reactor, while a gas measuring device performs gas sensor testing. It was found that the activity of various NPs led to higher performance in both functions compared to α Fe2O3. The reason for the improved effect is due to the active Au-NPs that act as a catalyst for sensitive reactions and also exhibit high efficiency in low-temperature co-oxidation. In 2010, thick and dense oxidized nanorod was produced in a row to form a strong fabric with good resistance to washing and pressure cycles [3]. Polymeric materials attract a lot of attention because of their advanced properties and functional performance in various industries. In structural features, thermoset polymers are very important in fields, such as automotive and aviation. In addition, the high strength of the thermoset polymers makes them compatible with their metal counterparts and creates a multi-layered environment. Recently, advances in nanotechnology introduced many innovative features in NCs. These benefits include an increase in strength, lightness, and durability. Nanocomposites are receiving a lot of attention because of the advanced mechanistic properties that have improved their stability.

There are different materials that are used in the production of thermoset nanocomposites. One of the most extensively used material components is carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and nanoclays. One of the major hurdles is the dispersing of NPs on the matter substrate during the synthesis process. Nanocomposites contain

#### *Recent Progress and Overview of Nanocomposites DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102469*

10–12% nanoclays with greater strength and durability than nanocalcium products. In nanoclay components, nanoparticles are extracted and synthesized. This improves the mechanical and physical performance of the filler and matrix optical connector which is very helpful in eliminating stress by improving the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. High-pressure mixing is better than direct mixing that can induce clay breakage. Titanate conversion is used for better spreading of nanoparticles. Due to the excellent mechanical properties, the requirement for low filling load, reinforcement strength, less weight, and corrosive environment of nanoparticles are found in some materials, such as cellulose, which is an ideal ingredient for the development of enviro-friendly polymers. Many researchers have focused on high-quality performance, extraction, and mechanical performance of filling polymer matrix in varying proportions. There are some challenges to the formation of nanocomposites, such as low dispersion of natural solvents, agglomeration, inclination, and hydrophilic nature. Due to growing environmental concerns, regulations have placed a great deal of interest in developing enviro-safe materials. Natural fibers have many advantages over synthetic due to their eco-friendly nature, but working with natural fibers, we cannot find the same strength that we can get from synthetic fibers.

Cellulose nanocrystals have been used in systematic and geometrically modeled cellulose fillers in a variety of useful products. It has been found that it will improve the mechanistic and thermal range of nanocomposites. Structure toughness with NPs affects the heat resistivity and electronic mobility in related NCs. As compared to traditional fillers, woody cellulose offers multidimensional combinations of variable functions. Microcrystalline cellulose as a colloidal matrix found in water with high solid concentrations, such as Celish (Trade name from Daicel Corporation) which provides 10% cellulose slurry and nanofibers. Solid-liquid crystals are used in a variety of optical applications. Researchers have successfully developed optically transparent wood cellulose nanocomposites with a small young's modulus and low thermal increase. In addition, they have successfully applied an electroluminescent to flexible transparent cellulose nanocomposites resulting in a low coefficient of thermal expansion. To prevent the scattering of ionic diffusivity, cellulose whiskers (less than 10% concentrate) can be used in low-density electrolyte polymers having applications in lithium batteries. Low-density loudspeaker membranes with high Young's modulus can be made from melamine-formaldehyde and micro-fibrillated cellulose. Electrospun cellulose nanofibers are used as an affective membrane that allows the purification and penetration of molecules based on physical or chemical characteristics instead of the weight or size of a molecule. Cellulose nanofibers are an excellent part of biological systems due to their load-bearing properties, low toxicity, excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability decay, and biocompatibility. Cellulose nanocomposites can be obtained from soft pulp from wood by mechanical fibrillation process. Mixing of the mixture can also be done using nanowhiskers and semiconducting polymers. NCs are very useful in producing stable materials with improved performance and mechanical properties. Scientists are trying to modify thermoset NCs to use Polyoles of vegetable oil-based chemicals instead of bio-based resins to stabilize and reduce dependence on petroleum-based resins. According to a recent study, nanocomposites can also be made from environmentally friendly vegetable oils.

#### **4.4 Thermomechanical properties**

Previously, thermoplastic materials were used with nanocellulose materials, showing the advantage of high crack resistance and recycling. The strength and durability of nanocomposites are greatly enhanced by the use of nanocellulose on a thermoplastic composite particulate or composite-based dispersion with the benefits of nanocellulose in resin interaction and the limited surface area of cellulose fibers. Fiber impacts on the mechanical/thermal properties of biocomposites based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs). It has been found that up to 40% of fiber content laminar increase in fiber modulus was observed using phenolic resins. With the inclusion of CNF in epoxy resins, a significant increase in the glass transition temperature was found. With 5% epoxy film of CNFs at 30°C, modulus showed an increase from 2.6 GPa to 3.1 GPa. In addition to the changing temperature of the glass, a significant increase has been reported. The mechanical properties have been drastically improved by adding up to 2% CNFs by weight while continuous addition of CNFs reduces mechanical and thermal conversion features due to agglomeration. Increased reinforcement of CNFs around bamboo fibers in the poly-lactic acid (PLA) matrix has been found to bind CNFs and improves fracture resistance that prevents fracture growth. But when, the CNFs did not gain weight of 1%, the cause of the fractured impact was increased by 200%. It has been investigated that the processing of CNFs could lead to safer, lightweight compounds with different properties, such as barriers and open spaces with multiple applications in electronics, sensors, energy storage, packaging, medicine, and automotive production. Nanocellulose films are also used to induce the barrier properties to the resulting composites. In addition, highporosity aerogels, ease out the gas outflows and due to their hydrophobic properties, moisture absorbance has also been aided. Nanocellulose integration offers a wide range of applications that include weapon systems and flexible display devices. Highly effective NCs are possible using CNFs.

Many efforts have been made to prepare metal-reinforced material nanocomposites which have structural significance and greater toughness compared to their contemporary counterparts. But they still exhibit larger differences while analyzing their physicomechanical properties. The strengthening process includes metal oxide scattering, stiffening, preventing premature solidification, load transfer, and difference in coefficient of thermal expansion in MMNCs. MMNCs combine metal components with ceramic precursors to having enhanced mechanical properties and toughness.
