**1. Introduction**

Composites consist of two materials; one of the materials is called the reinforcing phase (fibers, sheets, or particles), and is embedded in the other material called the matrix phase. The composite materials have more strength as compared to constituent materials. Wood is a common example of natural composites. Snails and oysters shells are also examples of natural composite materials. The history of the usage of nanocomposites is quite old. Egyptian have mixed straws with clay to form bricks. Mongols have used the composites in warfare and even in recent times, during World War II, the composite-based materials were used in military appliances, and in the modern era, a large number of composites are used in different fields [1].

The nanocomposite is a solid compound made up of several layers where at least one of the layers has one, two, or three dimensions with a nanometer size [2]. In nanocomposites, the atoms of the materials are arranged in the form of clusters or small grains. A solid multiphase having one of the 1, 2, or 3 phases less than 100 nm is called nanocomposites [3]. Nanoparticles, nanoclays, and nanofibers are examples of nanocomposites. Nanocomposites find their applications in the fields of medical and engineering.

Currently, scientists are facing the problem of data loss due to the overheating of imaging spectrographs in the Hubble Space Telescope. A probable solution is the use of a carbon nanotube that could dissipate the excess heat. The nanocomposites are lighter in weight and it is estimated that in near future the steel and aluminumbased products used in different engineering applications might be replaced with nanocomposites.

A Nanocomposite (NC) consists of several stages where, at least one, two, or three dimensions are in the nanometric range. Taking the size of objects up to the nanometer level creates optical connectors that are very important in the development of building material structures. Nanocomposites (NCs) provide opportunities on a completely new scale to solve hurdles ranging from the medical, pharma-industry to food packaging and from the electronics to energy-producing industries. Nanocomposites can be divided into three categories, which are as follows:


The aim of the development of nanocomposites is to designate which raw materials and processes are best suited to produce specific nanomaterials by studying their uses, benefits, and drawbacks. Transformation factor where the size of the material is made less than a certain level is known as "Sensitive size." Taking the size of the material down to the nanometer level fabricates the interactions with phase interfaces that become necessary in the development of building material structures. The ratio within the surface area to the volume of a reinforced material is used in synthesizing nanocomposites has directly been related to the structure-property relationship. A material nanocomposite (10−9 m diameter) that is made from non-metallic, metallic, or polymeric constituents by a certain process offers added benefits to retain their primary features and overcome defects by expressing some new characteristics. Such materials present a multiphase crossover in the matrix as well as in reinforcing materials. Reinforced material is a dispersed surface in the form of composite materials, such as fiberglass and organic fibers, whereas, matrix material consists of a uniform state and contains metallic, non-metallic, and polymer-based materials [4]. Nanocomposites represent a new way to surpass the limitations posed by microcomposites and the monoliths which have become the objects of the future. NCs have the following advantages over other materials:


High robustness and effective impact are associated with nanoparticles along with the incorporation of composite matrix. But, insufficient understanding of structural materials and material to structural relationships, the need for easy particle breakdown and dispersion are the major hurdles in nanocomposite synthesis (see **Figure 1**).

**Figure 1.** *Broader classification and applications of nanotechnology.*
