**Abstract**

Nanotechnologies and nanocomposite materials have gained the attention of scientific community in recent years. Nanocomposite material consists of several phases where at least one, two, or three dimensions are in the nanometer range. Nanocomposites with advanced carbon nanostructures i.e., carbon nanotube (CNTs) and graphene, attachments have been regarded as promising prospects. CNTs and graphene-based improved nanocomposites are usually categorized into various classes based on different types of discontinues phases. The nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanomaterials i.e., CNTs and graphene have been explored extensively for use as engineering materials in several demanding applications because of their excellent properties. The present book chapter has been prepared in three main sections. In the first portion, nanocomposites and carbon nanofillers i.e., CNTS and graphene have been presented. In the second part, different types of CNTs and graphene-based improved nanocomposites have been described with reported literature. In the third section, focus is on the applications of improved nanocomposites such as energy storage, antimicrobial activity, gene delivery, catalyzed organic reactions, radar adsorbing materials, actuators, wind turbine blades, pollutant removal, aerospace industry, and conductive plastics.

**Keywords:** nanocomposites, carbon nanoclusters, carbon nanotubes, graphene, improved nanocomposites, applications
