**4. Conclusion**

Currently, these reported nanocomposite hydrogels can mimic certain characteristics of natural tissues to a certain extent. However, there are still many challenges in applying them as tissue engineering scaffold biomaterials in clinical practice. Although some new functional nanomaterials have been introduced into nanocomposite scaffolds, the relatively poor interfacial interaction between polymer chains and nanomaterials and the uneven dispersion of nanomaterials in the matrix significantly limit their application. At present, processing technologies, such as 3D printing, electrospinning, and microfluidic reactors, have been rapidly developed, providing a great number of opportunities to quickly obtain nanocomposite scaffolds with anisotropic structures.
