**9.5 Decontamination of the surface of the implant**

Decontamination of the root surface is done by various methods such as air powder flow, saline wash, citric acid, laser, and hydrogen peroxide [78]. The electrochemical decontamination of the surface of the implant is an innovative technique that is being tested in preclinical studies [79]. Rubber cups have been shown to smoothen the titanium surface and significantly decrease roughness by removing surface debris. Polishing the implant surfaces with pumice and a rubber cup combined with irrigation with chlorhexidine and systemic antibiotics results in the reduction of anaerobic bacteria and bleeding scores in patients with peri-implantitis [80].
