**9.8 Surgical therapy**

Surgical techniques may include open flap debridement with removal of the inflammatory tissue as well as mechanical and chemical decontamination of the exposed implant surface. Recontouring of the bony architecture and smoothing of the implant surface may improve infection control [90]. The surgical flap helps in comprehensive debridement and decontamination of the affected implant. The surgical resection is generally confined to implants placed in non-esthetic sites [91].
