**1. Introduction**

Nanomaterials (NMs) are engineered chemical substances or materials with a particle size of 1–100 nm in diameter. Today NMs are extensively explored and engaged for commercial purposes in different fields, and many sophisticated NMs have shown great promise in biotechnology and biomedicine [1]. NMs display inimitable physicochemical attributes due to their size range in nanometers, high surface area, tunable surface charge, unique composition, various morphologies, and surface composition. Due to their remarkable physicochemical attributes, NMs are significantly different from their bulk materials of a similar symphony, allowing them to perform remarkably well with improved functionality, sensitivity, competence, and selectivity towards developing biomedicines. Various NMs are evaluated to get desired biomedical efficacy for nanomedicine-related applications, including different metal nanoparticles, liposomes, quantum dots, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, and carbon-based nanoparticles. Two critical mechanisms for delivering drug-loaded NMs to the diseased sites are passive targeting and active targeting. A passive targeting mechanism happens via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) [2]. Inactive targeting mechanism relies on surface functionalized NMs with various biomarkers that bind with receptors over-expressed at the pathological tissue [3].

The importance of cell culture advances in the medical sector has long been recognized. Mammalian cell culture (MCC) entails first isolating cells from a specific organ tissue and then creating a culture in a suitable artificial setting. Disaggregation using different methods may be used to obtain preliminary separation of cells from the identified organ tissues. The isolated primary cells are typically obtained from an *in vivo* setting, although some cells come as established cell lines. MCCs are widely used in the biomedical field to investigate numerous applications [4]. Since cell culture-based studies provide highly stable and repeatable results, researchers consider this technique as an essential model system in cellular and molecular biology. MCC needs an ideal environment for development, which can be divided into nutritional and physicochemical requirements.

Nutritional necessities comprise an adherent substrate or growing medium that offers conditions like essential amino acids, sugars, vitamins, minerals, growth factors, hormones, and gases (O2, CO2). All these features regulate physicochemical factors such as pH, osmotic pressure, and temperature. Many cell lines need solid or semi-solid support in the form of a substrate, while others can be grown in a suspension culture medium. These technologies have evolved as a means of assessing the efficacy and side effects of novel active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), immunotherapeutic, and biopharmaceuticals [5]. Animal, plant, and bacterial cells are regularly cultured in fixed culture medium under precise laboratory circumstances; among this, animal-based cell cultures are more complex than others due to their genetic complexity. Directed differentiation of adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cell culture is another challenging aspect. Recent advances in stem cell culture technology have provided significant input for the successful culture of tissue-mimicking 3D organoids [4, 6].

In recent years, nanotechnology (NT) and associated disciplines have gained rapid escalation in biomedical implementations such as diagnosis, testing, tracking, drug

### *Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99146*

delivery, nanomedicine, medical implants, and electronics due to their camaraderie with biological entities. Biomedicine embraces the design and synthesis of NMs, along with other nanoparticles (NPs) and nano-devices [7]. Once properly formulated, NMs show their natural aptitude to traverse with the blood flow via various routes based on their attributes and eventually get access to all the organs. Due to their intrinsic biocompatible interactions, the NPs exhibit unique physicochemical attributes associated with lesser immunogenicity and non-toxicity. There are numerous advantages of using NMs for various biological applications: i) it increases the concentration of drug in the pathological tissues and control the slow release of the drug; ii) it solves issues connected to the low solubility and bioavailability of the drug; and iii) enhanced biodegradability and biocompatibility iv) drugs/genes/imaging agents can be easily loaded due to their tunable surface functionalities [1, 7, 8]. Imaging agents could endow *in vivo* drug tracking ability to determine drug delivery efficacy during treatment. In recent years, various nanoparticles such as liposomes, polymers, metal nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles have been developed for selectively targeting tumor cells and other pathological tissues without causing any destruction to healthy cells or organs. In this chapter, the application of nanotechnology and Intellectual property rights (IPR) prospects of mammalian cell culture will be discussed in the subsequent sections.
