**6. Cancer cell lines**

Most established prostate cancer cell lines namely PC-3, DU145 (Duke University 145) and LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate) developed in the 1970s and 1980s are in the majority of the published studies [68–70]. T24 cells (cell line

from transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder) are exemplified for bladder cancer research [71]. These immortalized cancer cell lines are not always predictive of the real cancer behavior for the preclinical studies as these cells are adapted to 2D monolayer culture conditions [72, 73].
