**8.2 Toxicity profiling**

Cultured cancer cells are powerful in assessing drug-induced toxicity and to determine suitable drugs and methods for selectively destroying different types of cancer. It is useful to investigate effects of drug responses on metabolic signaling pathways or candidate genes conceding drug screening practices with impressive progress in the last decade. A study investigated features such as vascularization and perfusion of antineoplastic drugs on human T24 bladder cancer [83]. It allowed in the understanding of basic paracrine signaling mechanisms that regulates tissue homeostasis, development of new methods for urinary bladder reconstruction and tissue

engineering, and generation of models of malignant and benign diseases. This study suggested that the use of 3D urinary bladder cultures could be a possible approach in clinical practice to select for the best antineoplastic drug for each patient and to investigate the effect of drug combinations or new antineoplastic drugs [84, 85]. The below (**Figure 2**) suggests how assay-guided treatment can be useful in choosing the best active drug for an individual patient.

#### **8.3 Testing anticancer activities**

By far the most useful *in vitro* model which is used to analyze the anticancer activity is Cell culture. Treatments including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, novel and experimental therapies can be evaluated. Extracts of plants can also be utilized to check for anti-cancer behaviors such anti-inflammatory, destabilized membranes through which invasion and migration can occur. For instance, leaf extracts of *Leea indica* were used to study *in– vitro* antioxidant and anticancer activity on DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines [86]. An example of drug combination is the synergistic effect of cisplatin and sunitnib malate – based chemotherapy on T24, 5637, and HT1376 human urinary bladder cancer cell lines [87].
