**7. Conclusion**

Nanomaterials, due to their nano-size and unique physicochemical properties, have contributed significantly to the advance of biomedicine. The scope of nanomedicine also relies on the intelligent engineering of different nanoparticles with tunable attributes to modulate their nano-bio communications for biomedical applications. Elucidation of nanoparticle interactions with biological systems will help find favorable physicochemical properties to enhance biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy with no adverse effects. A complete toxicological evaluation of engineered nanomaterials is still inadequately understood, restraining the successful translation of nanomedicine. Nanoparticle surface functionalization with specific targeting moieties can effectively develop ideal nanoparticle delivery systems for various biomedical applications and targeted therapeutics. Hence, *in vitro* 2D and 3D cell culture systems can accelerate biocompatibility and biotoxicity studies to drive the disease-specific application of nanoparticles [60]. Nanoparticles are progressively used in a wide variety of cell and tissue-specific biological analyses, including cell analysis, in vivo imaging, biosensors, and theranostics. Hence the issue of biosafety and bioethics has become a vital issue while using mammalian cell cultures. This chapter summarizes the critical aspects of biosafety and bioethics associated with nanomaterial-associated studies.

In conclusion, MCC is an essential tool in modern-day biomedicine, and its applications are countless in the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases. Cell culture procedures are reliable, reproducible, and unbiased, but culturing the cells is complex at times. The vast opportunities to employ MCC procedures to address rudimentary and translational research queries have elucidated the essential attentions for setting up a cell culture laboratory. Especially 3D organoid culture methods have created a cellular environment that mimics the *in vivo* environment.

*Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99146*

Genome sequencing, mapping, and annotating its genetic code have become a priority in biotechnology, especially intending to understand the interaction of nanoparticles and mammalian cells. Reporting and cataloging the identified gene sequences can be critical for the progress of science and also for disease-specific therapeutics. Nanotechnology-based research has contributed significantly to many scientific fields and associated industries. Hence nanotechnology, combined with the mammalian cell culture system, can result in a research solution and can deliver considerable benefits to society at large. Hence the importance of intellectual property rights for protecting the innovator's right over the discovery. A good understanding of the IPR policies and technology transfer protocol is vital. Academic institutions and government organizations can assist in creating a congenial platform for efficient policy management. A deeper understanding of nanoparticle-cell interaction and the design of futuristic nanocarriers can open up an era of next-generation therapeutics and theranostics.
