**9. Conclusion**

Primary cell cultures have its application in various fields like toxicology, virology, drug screening, genetic engineering, gene therapy, genetic counseling, cancer research but main important application is model system. It provides best model system for studying basic cell biology and biochemistry, effects of diseasecausing agent and cell, effect of drugs on cell, process which triggers aging and apoptosis. Primary cell culture represents excellent model for transitional preclinical experiments to understand cancer in *in-vitro* system. Primary cell culture acts as gold standard for cell line experiments because it provides broader spectrum of cell types from greater number of patients to be studied without any induction of artificial genetic mutation and it also maintains same phenotype throughout the culture. It involves both, clinician and researcher in the culture, it helps in understanding the drawback of treatments and lack in laboratory methodology and hence it is possible to overcome from it.

There are many models in cancer research; each model has different potentialities and inadequacy. In primary cell culture, complexity arises due to poor tissue quality, collection and inappropriate culturing may decrease the cell viability. Hence management of primary cell culture is difficult. But to overcome from these difficulties proper collection with the help of pathologist and selection of proper isolation method and culture media based on tissue type can help to increase the cell viability. Considering the current clinical system towards precision medicine, patient derived cancer models are powerful epitome in cancer research. Nowadays 3D model system is emerging system. Primary cell culture can help to model 3D culture, in future technological perspectives like 3D culture can replace the *in vivo* model system. In conclusion, this chapter reviews several aspects of primary cell culture, provides overview on selection of tissues, different methods of isolation, culturing media and management of cells after culture. It summarizes the wide range of studies to improve the understanding of prostate and bladder cancer preclinical treatment processes.

*Overview of Primary Cell Culture Models in Preclinical Research of Prostate and Bladder Cancer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99493*
