**5. Exosome and HIV-associated neurological disorders (HANDS)**

In the HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, the HIV-exosomes accelerate the dysfunction of primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) by inducing mitochondrial hyperfusion. HIV-1 exosome increases the mitochondrial hyperfusion due to loss of phosphorylated dynamin-related protein1(p-DRP1). HIV-exosomes dysregulate the mitochondrial function could adversely change the effect of the brain microvascular endothelium [52]. The important role of exosomes in HAND has been reported to lead to a disease like Alzheimer's. The HIV patients on ART are the main cause of the deposition of Beta-amyloid (Aβ) leads to dementia. The neuroinflammation is induced by HIV proteins, such as Tat, gp120, and Nef. Exosomes serve as a link between HIV and Alzheimer's disease by packaging and transporting the toxic proteins [53]. The exosome played an important role in signalling in the central nervous system and acts as a potential vehicle to deliver various therapeutics to treat HIV neuroinflammation [54]. The exosomes played an important role in transporting cargo in many neurological disorders, such as mental disorders, brain injury, abnormal neuronal development, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, stroke, and brain cancer [55].
