**5. Clinical applications of TDE**

TDEs are involved in the advancement of several forms of cancer. Because of their abundance, TDEs may serve as noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic tools for various cancers. Additionally, blocking exosome secretion can slow the growth of some malignancies. Hence, Exo have been a popular target for developing cancer treatment techniques because of this property. Decreasing the expression of the exosomal proteins, Rab27a and Rab27b, inhibit exosome secretion without matching changes in soluble proteins secretions [60]. Several drugs used in the pharmaceutical industry such as Ketoconazole (an anti-fungal) sphingomyelinase (a hydrolase enzyme that is responsible for degrading sphingomyelin) [61], are additionally Rab27a inhibitors. These drugs can be re-directed as cancer modulators for their possible effects on attenuating TDE tumor progressive effects.

Furthermore, TDE owing to its small size, cancer-homing, and nontoxic nature, TDE can be re-directed to serve as a drug delivery system. Exo have been proven in several investigations to act as drug delivery vehicles, transporting anti-cancer chemicals to target cells [62]. For example, adriamycin and paclitaxel, target cancer cells via exosomal encapsulation and have low toxicity and immunogenicity [63].
