**3. Role of extracellular vesicles in human diseases**

This section emphasizes emerging data confirming the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of diseases. The role of EVs in relation to inflammation, stress protection, and vascular integrity is also presented and may help better understand tissue resolution and vascular restoration. Another exciting area that has been discussed in this section is the role of EV-transmitted cargos in embryonic development and reproductionrelated diseases and clinical translation. This fascinating chapter covers this critical subject and may aid fundamental understanding and clinical translation. Potential applications from circulating biomarkers for early illness detection to future therapeutic carriers for halting disease progression and regenerating damaged tissue/ organs for potential regenerative medicine-based applications are also discussed. An emerging area is the studies related to the role of EVs in influencing HIV-1 pathogenesis, how HIV-1 factors target EVs, EVs as an antiretroviral therapy option, and their potential use as diagnostics prognostics, and theranostics in relation to H1V patient management [8]. Another fascinating area is the role of protozoan parasite-derived EVs in mediating host immunomodulation, pathogenesis, and parasite disease development, especially in the context of Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma [9]. This section deals with studies investigating new immunotherapeutic models based on protozoan parasite immunomodulation approaches and discusses many aspects of protozoan EV-based strategies to create innovative immunotherapeutic approaches.
