**1. Introduction**

Cell communication is vital for all living organisms, whether between environment or host with single-celled organisms, or between cells in multicellular organisms [1]. As new-found mediators, extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate a cell communication mechanism that is different from classic ways as long/short range of secretory signaling, receptor-dependent contact signaling, gap junction, etc. According to cell origin, biogenetic mechanisms, and physical features (size and density), EVs can be classified into three major categories: apoptotic body (ABs), microvesicles (MVs), and exosomes (EXOs) [2]. These vesicles act as shuttles, transporting "cargo" like protein, lipids, nucleic acids, and other regulatory chemicals from one tissue or cell to another through body fluid [3]. When EVs and their targets fuse, their cargos can influence the functioning of target cells, allowing them to engage in a variety of physiological

and pathological processes. That is why EVs have a significant role in multiple biological processes and diseases, such as immune function, tissue homeostasis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, EVs have also been described in human female and male reproductive systems, including the oviduct, ovary, endometrium, embryo, prostate, and epididymis (**Figure 1**). EVs are key mediators in human reproduction and take part in physiological processes like gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), fertilization (coordination of sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction), embryogenesis, and implantation (crosstalk between mother and embryo). EVs and trigger and/or maintenance some conditions such as infertility, impotence, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis (EMs), premature ovarian failure (POF), and preeclampsia (toxemia) [2, 4].
