Meet the editors

Metin Budak, MSc, Ph.D., is an associate professor and vice director in the Biophysics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Turkey. He has been head of the Molecular Research Lab at the Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center, Trakya University, since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, molecular biology, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around twenty-three peer-reviewed

papers, two edited books, three book chapters, and thirty-two abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of the Medicine Faculty. His research interests include mutations and polymorphisms in cancers, the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin DNA packages within the cell, and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription.

Rajamanickam Rajkumar is an international frontline scientist in cervical cancer and HPV prevention with a Ph.D. in Cancer Epidemiology. He is currently a professor at Meenakshi Medical College, Kanchipuram, India, and a Ph.D. mentor for several medical universities. He was the principal investigator of one of the largest cervical cancer screening programs in India, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO)

funded by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Dr. Rajkumar conducted the first study in South India on the community prevalence of HPV. He trained in colposcopy and cancer epidemiology in France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. He was a consultant to The Ohio State University Medical Center for cervical cancer screening. He is an honorary member of the Society for Colposcopy & Cervical Pathology of Singapore (SCCPS), Singapore.

Contents

**Section 1**

Splicing in Cancer

*by Yıldız Gürsel Ürün*

*and Madhulika Bhagat*

Cancer Genes and Breast Cancers *by Metin Budak and Hatice Segmen*

Two Faces of Nrf2 in Cancer *by Mustafa Yildiz and Hatice Segmen*

and Clinical Manifestations *by Luz Irene Pascual Mathey*

**Section 2**

*by Mehdi Moghanibashi and Parisa Mohamadynejad*

**Preface III**

Oncogenes **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 21**

**Chapter 3 53**

**Chapter 4 77**

Tumor Suppressor Genes **93**

**Chapter 5 95**

**Chapter 6 113**

**Chapter 7 131**

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology,

Molecular Genetic Mechanisms in Cancers of Keratinocytic Origin

Head Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Genomics: Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes and Clinical Implications

Targeting Oncogene Addiction for Cancer Therapy *by Sonia Thapa, Rafiq A. Rather, Shashank K. Singh* 

*by Anand B. Pathak and Satyam Satyarthi*

## Contents


## **Section 3**


Preface

*Molecular Mechanisms in Cancer*, created with experts in their fields from different countries, consists of twelve chapters organized into three sections: "Oncogenes,"

Section 1 includes four chapters that discuss the effects and importance of oncogenes in various cancer types. Chapter 1 examines the roles and importance of alternative mRNA splices in cancer development, changes in intron-exon connections, oncogenic properties, and the roles of eukaryotic polycistronic gene mechanisms in the development of various cancers. Chapter 2 discusses molecular mechanisms in various types of skin cancers as well as the effects of external factors originating from the sun, especially ultraviolet light, and cancers that develop by changing molecular mechanisms. Chapter 3 addresses oncogene and tumor suppressor mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell cancer types and their clinical importance. Chapter 4 describes the potential application

Section 2 includes three chapters that address the mechanisms of tumor suppressor genes in cancers and their effects on cancer development. Chapter 5 discusses tumor suppressor genes affecting breast cancer, especially the additives of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Chapter 6 examines the roles of the two functions of cellular stress and Nrf2 in cancer development, their contribution to chemoresistance, and their relationship with oxidative stress. Chapter 7 explains molecular changes in benign prostate cancers.

Section 3 includes five chapters that examine the epidemiology of viral oncogenes and their roles in various cancers. Chapter 8 discusses the oncogenic activities and epidemiological behavior of human papilloma viruses (HPVs) in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Chapter 9 provides an overview of the clinical features of viral oncogenic viruses in cervical cancer. Chapters 10 and 11 provide extensive information on the roles of HPV infections in urological cancers. Finally, Chapter 12 discusses the applications of HPV vaccines in different parts of the world and the effects of the ethical or moral behaviors

With my respect and thanks to my father, Ali Budak, who provided everything for my

**Metin Budak**

Biophysics Department,

**Rajamanickam Rajkumar**

Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey

Trakya University Faculty of Medicine,

Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center,

Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute MAHER,

of targeted oncogene-dependent gene therapies in cancer treatments.

"Tumor Suppressor Genes," and "Viral Oncogenes."

of these societies.

education and passed away from cancer.

*by Elsa Díaz López*
