**5. OSCC treatment strategies based on nanomaterials**

Low levels of cancer biomarkers in tumor tissue or body fluids, a narrow margin between non-cancerous and cancerous samples, and the sensitivity of measurement assays are all major roadblocks to precise cancer biomarker detection. As a result, the ideal biomarker is one that can detect even the tiniest tumor cells using specific biomarkers before cancer progresses and clinical symptoms emerge. Previously, a variety of methods for measuring multiple biomarkers were developed, with immunoassays like ELISA becoming the most popular technique for protein detection due to low detection limits. However, this area has some limitations, including a long detection time, high costs, and a small sample size. Some novel approaches are currently being used. Polynucleotide barcodes, multiplexed bead platforms, and microarrays, for example, have superior limits of detection but are costly and require technical expertise. They are widely available in clinics and are efficient and cost-effective methods for detecting cancer biomarkers, despite scientists' attempts to put in place some quick and sensitive measures. Nanotechnology, for example, is gaining popularity among scientists in this field. In a study by Sungyub et al., gold nanoparticles were used to conjugate with DNA probes in oral cancer salivary samples. S100 calcium-binding protein P (S100P) mRNA was found to have a detection limit of 3 nM as a potential OSCC biomarker. The use of nanotechnology in the *in vitro* treatment of oral cancer is demonstrated in **Figure 1.**
