**6. Conclusion**

Our scoping review maps the use of cue-reactivity paradigms across the traumaexposed, substance-using population with and without PTSD, and summarizes methodological variations in cue-reactivity paradigms across this body of literature, as well as the results of identified studies. Cue-reactivity paradigms have proven efficacious in eliciting cue-induced craving responses in populations of trauma-exposed individuals who use substances. Cue-reactivity research may help increase understanding of the learning processes that are involved in the development, maintenance, or exacerbation of a SUD among trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD who use substances. Furthermore, cue-reactivity paradigms may be used as an important means of assessing whether behavioral and/or pharmacological treatments for PTSD and/or SUD have had an impact on the ability of trauma cues to elicit a conditioned craving response in this population.

