**6. Results**

The maximum number of patients was 36–50 years. Seventy-eight out of 171 (46%) patients belonged to this age group in this study.

It has been noticed that hypertensive men reported more anger than hypertensive women. It is a randomized trial, and a separate analysis of anger between men and women has not been attempted. However, these findings were observed.

Sixty-four participants (28 females and 36 males) out of 171 had a positive family history of hypertension. Furthermore, it was observed that people with a family history of hypertension were more likely to suppress their anger.

This table shows the analysis of different variables done at the end of the study period—6 months. As seen in this table depicting the intervention arm—except state anger & its subgroups, all other anger variables & systolic and diastolic BP have a statistically significant reduction with the p-value <0.001 with a 95% confidence interval (**Table 2**).


#### **Table 2.**

*Change in variables in both groups w.r.t. anger after 6-months study period (Test used: unpaired* t*-test).*

This slide shows the values in both arms at the end of the study period. The values in the intervention arm show a much greater reduction in the values of all the variables compared to the control arm.

*Stress-induced Anger and Hypertension: An Evaluation of the Effects of Homeopathic… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104589*

In both arms, the patients who were on standard antihypertensive treatment (AHT), in the control arm, 98% of patients continued with the same dose of their medicines at the end of the study period. However, standard AHT was stopped completely in the intervention group in 33% of patients. And in 28% of patients, the dose of AHT was reduced.

At the end of the study period, in both the arms, the patients who were not on standard AHT, in the control arm, 16% patients had to be prescribed standard AHT. Whereas in the intervention arm, the BP of all patients was maintained on the indicated homoeopathic medicine.

No statistical difference was found in rural and urban participants in both control and intervention arms with respect to anger and blood pressure variables (**Tables 3** and **4**).

The family history of hypertension was analyzed in female participants of the study, as shown in the above table, and it has been correlated with various anger components (**Table 5**).

The result suggests that women with a positive family history of hypertension scored higher on trait anger and angry temperament. Still, they tended to suppress their outward expression of anger than participants with negative F/H of HT. It correlates with higher blood pressure values. In expressing anger, cultural standards define what is appropriate and appear to determine such expressions' physiological consequences.

In the group analysis of male participants in the study, as shown in the above table, the results suggest that even men with a positive family history of


#### **Table 3.**

*To check if there is a significant difference in anger variables in the control group based on residence (rural/urban) of participants.*

hypertension have higher trait anger and anger temperament. Still, they tend to suppress their outward expression of anger compared to participants with negative F/H of HT. Besides, they try to resolve their anger by calming down or cooling off (**Table 6**).


### *Stress-induced Anger and Hypertension: An Evaluation of the Effects of Homeopathic… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104589*


**Table 4.** *To check if there is a significant difference in anger variables in the treatment group based on residence (rural/urban) of participants.*

#### *Stress-Related Disorders*


*Stress-induced Anger and Hypertension: An Evaluation of the Effects of Homeopathic… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104589*

#### **Table 5.**

*Comparison of positive and negative F/H of HT in control and treatment groups: (females).*



#### **Table 6.**

*Comparison of positive and negative F/H of HT in control and treatment groups: (males).*

Table of associated illnesses these participants suffered from (**Table 7**): It shows the list of associated ailments these patients had along with EHT.


*Stress-induced Anger and Hypertension: An Evaluation of the Effects of Homeopathic… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104589*

#### **Table 7.**

*Associated illnesses seen in patients along with essential hypertension.*

At the end of the study period:

About 89% of patients had relief in the symptoms of their comorbidities in the treatment group with the curative effect of the similimum, but 73% of patients' symptoms of associated illnesses were status quo in the control arm.

A Pearson's correlation test was done to determine whether there is a linear correlation between anger variables and systolic and diastolic BP. Unfortunately, in this study (like many others in the past), we could not find a significant correlation (**Table 8**).

(To check whether there is a correlation of anger variables with blood pressure)

*Correlation of variables in each group.*

#### **Table 8.**

*Post-test correlations between variables in TREATMENT group.*
