*3.3.1 Cue-reactivity Paradigm*

Script-driven imagery cues were the most common cue paradigm used in the present sample of studies (n = 20). These were often paired with a substance-related

**Figure 1.** *PRISMA flowchart of literature search and screening.*

*in vivo* cue (n = 9), with substance-related *in vivo* cues used independently only in two studies (n = 2). One study used a semi-structured interview as a cue (n = 1) where participants described their most traumatic experience verbally. Standardized video cues were employed in n = 2 studies. Photographic cues were used in the n = 1 study which took place in an fMRI environment. Three (n = 3) studies utilized photographic cues as part of what we are calling "task-based" cue-reactivity paradigms, that is, cognitive tasks that included substance or trauma-related stimuli. Specifically, Garland and colleagues [28] used an Emotional Regulation Task as a cue exposure paradigm where participants sorted and viewed negative images. Kaag et al. [29] also utilized a sorting task as a cue exposure where participants sorted cocaine and neutral photos. Finally, Beckham and colleagues [30] used the Stroop color-naming task [31] with combat-related words as a cue exposure. Overall, 22 studies employed only personalized cues, five studies employed only standardized cues, and one study [32] employed both personalized cues and standardized cues.

### *3.3.2 Craving and other reactivity measures*

All studies used subjective self-report measures of craving as a measure of reactivity (n = 28); this was an inclusion criterion for this scoping review. However, many did include objective craving measures in addition to subjective measures (i.e., salivation, heart rate; n = 9). Other reactivity measures assessed included affect (n = 14), subjective stress (n = 6), objective stress (i.e., cortisol; n = 3), attentional/memory tasks (n = 3), and neural activation (n = 3).

#### *3.3.3 Substances*

Types of substances used/misused by participants in the study were alcohol (n = 17), cocaine (n = 6), nicotine (n = 3), heroin (n = 1), opioids (n = 1), and any substance (n = 4). It is important to note that some studies (n = 4) allowed for combinations of specific drugs (i.e., individuals who use alcohol and/or cocaine were recruited for one study).

#### *3.3.4 Cue type*

Studies identified in the present scoping review employed the use of several types of cues. Specifically, neutral cues (n = 24; e.g., brushing your teeth), trauma cues (n = 23; e.g., a physical assault), substance cues (n = 14; i.e., cannabis paraphernalia), stress cues (n = 5; a presentation at work), and social cues (n = 1; speaking with a friend; [33]) were used. The average number of cue types used per study was 2.36 (SD = .731).
