**2. Ontological discussions**

*Trauma* can be roughly defined as an event that threatens the physical and psychological integrity of the person. However, the traumatic effect changes from one person to another. While the death of a cat has a traumatic effect on some people, the most severe war conditions do not have a traumatic effect on others. In the first step, therefore, we need to find the underlying reasons for these discrepancies. Why do these individual differences arise? It is worth explaining that the meaning ascribed to the event or a philosophy of life that is not afraid of death has an anti-traumatic effect.

Some basic information regarding the understanding of PTSD can be summarized as follows—PTSD is one of the few disorders among the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic categories regarding the etiology. Therefore, it is relatively easy and unproblematic to diagnose a PTSD case. The trauma mentioned there may appear in different situations and features. They can be concrete, obvious, extreme, unusual, unexpected, unforeseen, etc. The fact that the event's cause is not obscure ensures that the discomfort it causes is both predictable and fully comprehensible.

In the shock of the event, we can interpret cognitive blockage in many people as the brain shutting itself off to mental stimuli due to excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol release. Later on, in other words, over-aroused state, avoidance behavior related to the event, insomnia, re-experiencing (Flashback), having nightmares are common symptoms. Even when awake, the person remembers the traumatic event over and over. S/he continues to experience the event that happened 10 years ago as if it happened yesterday. Since s/he feels like s/he is reliving the event, s/he tries to avoid the reminders.

Another definition of PTSD in DSM appears as follows: "The main feature of post-traumatic stress disorder is to experience the event of actual or threatened death, serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of the person, or the death or threat of death of another person. Extremely traumatic experiences, such as witnessing an event that poses a threat to one's life, injury or physical integrity, or learning that a family member or other relative has unexpectedly died or has been killed by being exposed to violence, was seriously injured or is under threat of death or injury. The development of specific symptoms following a source of traumatic stress. The person's reactions to the event in question are extreme fear, helplessness, or horror" [1].
