Current Trends in Orthodontics

*Edited by Farid Bourzgui*

Published in London, United Kingdom

#### Contributors

Lahcen Ousehal, Asmaa El Mabrak, Mohamed El Fatmi Kadri Hassani, Soukaina Sahim, Hajar Bouzid, Hakima Aghoutan, Siddharth Sonwane, Sagar S. Bhat, Ameet V. Revankar, Shrinivas M. Basavaraddi, Guilherme Nakagawa dos Santos, Charles Lenzi de Araujo, Romeu Cassiano Pucci da Silva Ramos, David Andrade, Ana Norton, Viviana Macho, Rui Andrade, Miguel Palha, Sandra Bussadori, Lurdes Morais, Maria-João Palha, Manuela Santos, Cristiane Barros André, Bruno Pasqua, José Rino Neto, Fábio Dupart Nascimento, Suvetha Siva, Sukanya Dhanapal, Janani Ravi, Chandhini Suresh, Shreya Kishore, Agharsh Chandrasekaran, Harshavardhan Kidiyoor, H.P. Naga Deepti, Nandakishore Rajgopal, Betsy Sara Thomas, Mohan Alexander, Farid El Quars, Carla A. Evans, Kristin Moore, David Musich, Donald Taylor, Budi Kusnoto, Tara Emerick, Maria Grace Costa Viana, Tejashri Pradhan, Aarti Sethia, Mehmet Akin, Leyla Cime Akbaydogan, Dalal Elmoutawakkil, Nabil Hacib, Farid Bourzgui, Rania Fastani, Salwa Khairat, Mohamed El Had, Samir Diouny, Zineb Serhier, Mohamed Bennani Othmani, Amanda Nadia Ferreira

#### © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2022

The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECHOPEN LIMITED. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECHOPEN LIMITED's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECHOPEN LIMITED rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

#### Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in London, United Kingdom, 2022 by IntechOpen IntechOpen is the global imprint of INTECHOPEN LIMITED, registered in England and Wales, registration number: 11086078, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom Printed in Croatia

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com

Current Trends in Orthodontics Edited by Farid Bourzgui p. cm.

This title is part of the Dentistry Book Series, Volume 9 Topic: Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry Series Editor: Sergio Alexandre Gehrke Topic Editor: Wen Lin Chai Associate Topic Editor: Ghee Seong Lim

Print ISBN 978-1-83969-963-4 Online ISBN 978-1-83969-964-1 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83969-965-8 ISSN 2631-6218
