**2.3 Pineapple waste**

The pineapple fruit is typically processed into jam, juice, cordial, vinegar, and food flavoring. Solid or biomass wastes such as core (5–7%), peels (30–35%), a crown (10–15%), and stems are accumulated from the processing or harvesting of the pineapple fruit and plants, as shown in **Figure 7**. In addition, the rough handling of fruits and exposure to extreme environmental conditions during transportation or storage contributes about 55% of product waste [30]. After harvesting, the pineapple waste is burnt or left on the ground, which can cause serious environmental issues. It is estimated that 40—80% of pineapple fruit wastes have high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values [31].
