**5. Characteristics of case study area**

This study was carried out in the region of the Bay of Kotor Region, Montenegro, located in the historical texture of Montenegro with traditional stone buildings and painted shuttered windows on the edge of the Bay of Kotor. This residential area of this coastal city of Montenegro is located on the Bay of Kotor (**Figure 1**). It is one of the youngest cities on the Adriatic, formerly part of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice; it characterizes architecture that reflects a mix of Venetian and picturesque architectural styles (**Figure 2**).

Montenegro the Bay of Kotor region has a hot-humid climate with much more precipitation in winter than in summer. Its distinctive topography and high mountains make it one of the wettest places in Europe. This residential area is sunny about 200 days a year. Local meteorological data for this region as relative air humidity is the highest 80% indicator in autumn. It is seen in the summer period with the lowest level of 63%. The average temperature throughout the year is 15°C. The lowest recorded temperature (monthly average) of the studied region was measured at −1°C in January 2017, and the highest temperature (monthly average) was measured in July 2015 at 29°C (**Figure 3**).

Annual average local atmospheric wind conditions for the Bay of Kotor Region, Montenegro are shown in the wind rose plotted in **Figure 3**. It is clear that northerly

#### **Figure 1.**

*The bay of Kotor region, architectural and urban characteristic and settlement pattern of the region where the study was conducted (https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/bijela\_montenegro.436217.html).*

*The Impacts of Air Pressure Differences on Microclimatic Wind Comfort among Low-Rise… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101743*

#### **Figure 2.**

*The façade architecture and street façade texture characteristic of the region where the study was conducted (https://tr.depositphotos.com/275544506/stock-photo-narrow-streets-in-the-old.html).*

#### **Figure 3.**

*Meteorological measurement data of 1951–2017, average temperature values, and wind rose for the bay of Kotor region, Montenegro.*

winds prevail throughout the year. Also, in **Table 2**, maximum wind speeds are given for all directions.

The Bay of Kotor Region, Montenegro, the case study area located in the heart of Boka Bay, is close to the two historic medieval towns of Perast and Kotor and the Adriatic Coast. The area of Kotor has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979 due to its historical and cultural significance (**Figure 4**).

### **6. Methodology and numerical modeling**

CFD software is the most popular tools used to calculate the wind flow to balance the microclimate within the built environment in the urban texture. These allow easy understanding and interpretation of the flow characteristics of the wind around buildings in any urban area. For urban designers and architects, the wind flow velocity and pressure values obtained as a result of CFD analysis during the design process are used to optimize the urban texture draft project in terms of layout approaches, location, and orientation of buildings to provide the correct microclimate. It also facilitates the detailed evaluation of the comfort conditions in the texture and the wind comfort condition for pedestrians.


