**1. Introduction**

Due to the rapid increase in urbanization in recent years, urban microclimate studies are gaining popularity. In the meetings held by the United Nations in recent years, "making cities and human settlements climate-resistant and sustainable" has started to be promoted as one of the sustainable development goals [1]. Especially after the Covid-19 pandemic, which emerged all over the world in 2019 and caused the death of thousands of people by affecting their health, researches

on sustainable healthy cities-habitats with the issue of natural ventilation of the city and buildings gain importance and will continue to gain importance in the coming years.

Approaches that emphasize microclimatic comfort sensitivity as part of the urban planning processes implemented to date are rarely included in the design process because there is a general lack of knowledge on how to do this among urban planning practitioners. Many studies conducted so far have documented that urban microclimate can affect building energy performance and occupant thermal comfort balance, especially its effects on human health [2–6]. Urban comfort, which is the most important topic in the field of urban physics, deals with the relationship between wind/thermal comfort of pedestrians and pollutants and wind, which examines the urban air quality to ensure a healthy and happy life for the residences living in the city. Should the importance of urban form in urban design is developed in accordance with the context of urban microclimatic comfort, it can improve the quality of life of millions of people living in cities. The importance of climatically sensitive urban design is very important on the concept of sustainability, which has been a popular decision of recent years. Appropriate urban design enables the use of renewable energy sources for passive natural ventilation at city scale and passive heating and cooling at building scale while increasing pedestrian comfort and efficiency.

### **2. The characteristics of wind in a built environment**

The average wind speed profile near the ground (interface layer) is governed by pressure differences due to the presence of buildings, vegetation, and topography. The nature of the obstacles regulates the turbulence level. When the wind velocity is greater than 10 m/s, the influence of surface friction is predominant in distorting and generating a turbulent flow. Flow disruption depends on the shape and height of the obstacles. The wind does not reach a full speed up to a certain height above the ground (called gradient wind); this height depends on local obstacles and is called surface roughness. Surface roughness and obstacles usually reduce wind speed, but can also have an acceleration effect on the wind. It occurs when airflow passes through a smaller cross-section (for example, passing through a building). It can also happen near tall buildings. Many features of the built environment and atmosphere affect wind speed. Wind speed in the built environment, therefore, exhibits a very complex behavior that is difficult to model.
