**1. Introduction**

Fading air quality in India has moved towards malnutrition, for the past few decades. India remain one of the countries where 1.9 million untimely deaths take place due to worsening ambient air quality. The estimated financial losses caused due to air pollution in India are placed at 885 billion rupees [1, 2]. Revelation to outside air pollutants will enlarge the menace of Arrhythmia, Ischemia, Cardiac Failure and Stroke. Air quality data in Solapur has been analyzed to scrutinize its condition and to recognize its health situation.

The goal of this chapter is to tale on the development of a cost effective air quality monitoring system using wireless sensor network (WSN) and IoT, deployed in polluted areas of Solapur. The air quality in Solapur had been a tight rope walk for its citizens over the past decades [3]. Growth of Solapur had lead to rise in number

of vehicles on the roads, creating supplementary pollution predicament with smoke emanation and other pollutants. Apart from the increase in vehicles, other reasons for escalating vehicular contamination are the varieties of engines used, crowded traffic, pitiable road conditions and dry climatic conditions. Solapur Municipal Corporation in alliance with Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board has installed air quality monitoring system as an attempt of Swacch Bharat Abhiyan Project.

As data logger and hardware mechanism are not used, the present system is more superficial and user friendly. It was resolved to bail out air pollution monitoring in high traffic zones of Solapur city where pollutants exceeded the ambient air quality values as proposed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The system uses Wireless Sensor Network and IoT technology for air quality monitoring. Hitherto, the predictable monitoring system is massive, luxurious and power consuming. Therefore, incompatibility associated using wired monitoring system is replaced with a new wireless air monitoring system which is cost-effective and competent with stumpy power spending [4]. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are paying attention in the industry also in academia because of their significant relevance and associated security challenges. The utility of this network is to collect the data from the environment and fling it to the sink node. The present system consists of the five sensor nodes and one sink node. The chic sensor nodes are least-power gadgets outfitted with one or more sensors, microcontroller, a power supply and radio. An array of different sensors can be allied to the mote to determine environment parameters. With the establishment of 'Solapur' as smart city it becomes pertinent to employ the WSN for monitoring AAQ protocols. The smart city projects in Solapur is obligatory to put up a superior air quality monitoring system in terms of rate, power competence, ability by using contemptible handy ambient sensors. The use of IoT (Internet of Things) provides the remote monitoring of our system [5]. Internet of Things has a backbone of diverse technologies- Wireless Sensor Networks, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and Architectures,

**Figure 1.** *Block diagram of a proposed system.*

*Design and Development of Air Quality Monitoring System for Solapur City Using Smart… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98755*

network services, Internet and Search Engines and Cloud Computing. The internet of things (IoT) is a system of unified computing gadgets, automatic and digital tackle, items, group that are provided with unique identifiers and the capability to convey data in excess of a network with no requiring user-to-user or user-to-computer dealings. Devices that work on IoT, distribute the sensor information; they amass by linking to an IoT gateway where data is sent to the cloud to be analyzed. The block diagram, **Figure 1** represents the proposed system. The use of open source IoT web server platform, to ensure an enduring storage as well as real time monitoring of air quality monitoring data makes the system more superior than the traditional data logger system. Use of flawless incorporation of smart mobile standards, WSN, and several other sensing technologies makes this system more scalable and smart. Uses of XBee wireless protocol make the system least power consumable.

#### **2. Wireless sensor network setup for air quality monitoring system**

A wireless sensor network is compacted in behavior. Generally, it provides thousands of irrelevant devices, called as sensor nodes and are incorporated to gather the data from assorted assets. The sink node collects the data from sensor node and provides necessary action on it.

#### **2.1 Sensor node (mote)**

The motes are constructed with four components (**Figure 1**), 1. Processing part made up of controller (Arduino UNO) 2. Wireless element for presuming wireless communication amid nodes (XBee) 3. Sensor to convert environment data into electrical quantity and 4. Batteries to offer power supply to the network [6]. Every constituent plays an important task in the operation of motes. Radio subsystem uses various techniques such as Bluetooth, XBee and UWB that operates at ISM band frequency of 2.4 GHz for wireless transmission. Microprocessor or microcontroller subsystem is used to offer logical decision regarding controlling of air quality monitoring system. To save energy, controller works in off, sleep, idle and active modes depending on the condition of the sensor nodes.

An array of sensors at the motes is as follows:

#### *2.1.1 CO sensor (MQ-7)*

MQ-7 Carbon monoxide sensor can sense CO gas and sends both digital and analog signals to Arduino. According to its datasheet, the MQ-7 sensor detects 20 to 2000 ppm of CO in air [7]. Its standard circuit represented in **Figure 2**. The interfacing of sensor to the arduino uno is shown in **Figure 3**.

The sensor has to be calibrated at 200 ppm of CO with RL at 10KΩ. The load resistance RL vary from 5KΩ to 47 KΩ. Its operating temperature range is from 20oc to 50oc. The surface resistance Rs varies from 2KΩ to 20KΩ. Rs can be calculated by the following formula.

$$\frac{\mathbf{Rs}}{\mathbf{Rl}} = (\mathbf{Vc} - \mathbf{V}\mathbf{Rl})/\mathbf{V}\mathbf{Rl}$$

From the datasheets, calibration of sensor in terms of ppm is done as follows.

$$\text{Concentration of gas} (\text{ppm}) = \text{3.027} \ast \text{e} \left( \left( \frac{\text{\AA}}{\text{2\#}} \right) \ast \text{V} - \text{RL} \right) \cdot \text{\AA}$$

**Figure 2.** *Standard circuit.*

**Figure 3.** *Arduino interfacing of sensor.*

#### **Figure 4.** *Lm-35.*

### *2.1.2 Temperature sensor (LM-35)*

LM-35 is an analog temperature sensor. It is connected to A1 of arduino UNO microcontroller at sensor node. It is shown in **Figure 4**.

Vitally, LM-35 is pre-calibrated in degree celsius to be used for temperature sensor IC. It is linear in characteristics. It does not require any external calibration and gives +10-mV/°C scale facet [8]. Accordingly, the arduino encoding is carried out and its outcomes are displayed on arduino serial monitor window. The characteristic curve and arduino interfacing of LM-35 is displayed in **Figures 5** and **6**, respectively.
