*3.1.2 To improve impedance matching*

The loading technique is used to improve impedance matching. In [29] the shorting strip is used as an inductive loading and compensates for the capacitive effect on the structure. Inductive loading capacitive loading plays an important part in this method, it is used to offset the imaginary part of the impedance. Therefore, a good impedance match is obtained at the desired frequency [42]. In [44], miniaturization was achieved by loading four patches and high impedance lines to form slow wave propagation, 54.4% miniaturization was achieved. In [61] antenna impedance matching was obtained with help of CSRR, which introduces negative permittivity (capacitance) and reduces the large inductive part of the loop antenna. Hence, less reflection and large radiation occur. In [69, 70] inductive loading techniques are used for miniaturized antenna size. Capacitive loading technique used in [71], antenna size reduced about 72% with help of circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna at the frequency of interest (fixed operating frequency).
