*3.1.5 Adding shorting pin*

Shorting point is another method to miniaturize the size. In this technique, a shorting pin is inserted in between the patch plane and ground plane which increases the effective size of the antenna and reduces physical dimensions. In literature reported as [6, 7, 27, 29, 31, 54, 66, 73–77, 81] etc. consists shorting pin. Which helps miniaturize the size of the antenna. In [63] half-wave stepped impedance resonator (SiR) technique with two impedance steps, low-to-high and high-tolow to reduce the size of the antenna. In [67] antenna is miniaturized by adding two kinds of rectangular slots onto the annular ring.
