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## Meet the editor

Alessandra Battisti, Ph.D., is an architect and Full Professor of Technology of Architecture and Environmental Design, Department of Planning, Design and Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, where she is also the director of the second-level university master's degree course in "Valorisation and Enhancement of Small Historical Centres" and member of the faculty board and teaching staff for the Ph.D.

in Environmental Design and Planning. Since 1993, Dr. Battisti has been carrying out research, teaching, and experimentation activities on technological innovation for environmentally aware architecture, ecological and energetic efficiency of buildings, bioclimatic approach in design and environmental sustainability, urban analysis, and urban regeneration. She has expertise in sustainable architecture, energy building, and renewable energy, and their relationship with regeneration processes of existing urban fabric and architecture. She is an expert consultant for the European Community - DG XXII in the Energy in Building sector as well as for the Roster of Consultants and Permanent Roster of Auditors launched by the MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research). She is also a member of the Working Group for Energy Efficiency of Cultural Heritage of MiBACT (Italian Ministry of Culture and Tourism). Dr. Battisti has more than 200 scientific publications and 14 books to her credit. She is also the winner of more than thirty international architectural competitions

Serena Baiani, Ph.D., is an architect specializing in environmental industrial design and Associate Professor of Technology of Architecture and Environmental Design, Department of Planning, Design and Technology of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. She is a board member of the Italian Society of Architectural Technology (SITdA) and a member of the faculty board and teaching staff for the Ph.D. in Environ-

mental Design and Planning; for the Specialisation School in Natural and Territorial Heritage\_Architecture of parks, gardens, and natural environmental systems. Since 1996, Dr. Baiani has been carrying out research, teaching, and experimentation activities in technological innovation, active conservation, and adaptive reuse (for enhancement of archaeological contexts, resilience of high-sensitivity areas, ecological and energy efficiency of historic buildings) based on a life cycle approach. She is an external expert for the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) and an expert and peer reviewer for MIUR Italian Scientific Evaluation Register (Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research). She is also a member of the Historic Building Committee for Green Building Council, the Sapienza Design Research Interdepartmental Centre, and the Sapienza SAPeri&CO (research and service infrastructure of Sapienza) Committee. She has 130 scientific papers and 12 books to her credit.

Contents

**Section 1**

Transportation Sector *by Rodrigo Duarte Soliani*

*by Chidambara*

**Preface XI**

Sustainability and Resilience of Urban Agglomeration **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 25**

**Chapter 3 45**

**Chapter 4 65**

**Chapter 5 85**

**Chapter 6 99**

**Chapter 7 121**

The Concept of Sustainability in the Brazilian Road Freight

*by Miguel Ángel Mejías Vera and Víctor Manuel Romeo Jiménez*

Promoting Sustainable Development of Cities Using Urban

Urban Agglomeration and the Geo-Political Status of the

Perspective Chapter: Belem and Manaus and the Urban

Devolution of Decision-Making: Tools and Technologies towards Equitable Place-Based Participation in Planning

The Degraded Insular Landscape in the Urban-Rural Interface – Application to the Urban Agglomeration

An Urban Fabric Responsive Last Mile Planning

of the South of the Island of Tenerife

Legislation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Municipality of Portmore, Jamaica *by Carol Archer and Anetheo Jackson*

Agglomeration in the Brazilian Amazon

*by Kasimbazi Emmanuel*

*by Tiago Veloso dos Santos*

*by Donagh Horgan*

## Contents



Preface

Currently, the housing conditions of large urban agglomerations present the strongest critical elements facing the human habitat. Faced with epochal climatic, social, and epidemiological challenges, urban areas are suffering recurring calamities, risks, and problems that require profound transformations. From a phenomenon of concentration of human activities, large conurbations, an image of wise use of environmental, territorial and landscape resources and of interaction with human capital capable of imagining, realizing and building an artificial "second nature", maximum and complex abstraction and expression of human ingenuity, during the pandemic, they experienced a negative trend that saw them empty and then repopulate after the positive results of the vaccination campaigns. However, metropolises around the world are still the areas where the most relevant social and environmental challenges are concentrated, and although they cover less than 3% of the earth's surface [1], they are responsible for 71% of global carbon emissions related to energy [2], and in particular, climate change [3]. Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, which are both global and local issues, are increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme temperature and precipitation events, against which large urban areas play a crucial role as key players in the transition to a sustainable and low-carbon economy. As architects, engineers, and scholars of the sector we are called to provide timely and adequate responses to the phenomenon, investigating approaches and methodologies capable of improving this type of urban form by following and pursuing mitigation of extreme phenomena through policies, studies, circular economy, and resilience design strategies. Furthermore, the pandemic has posed further challenges, especially in places where conditions of overcrowding and instability make the response to the

The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development outlines seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for a sustainable future [5]. SDG 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being at all ages. SDG 13 addresses climate change and its impacts and SDG 15 addresses the sustainability of forests, combatting desertification, and halting biodiversity loss [6]. SDG 11 aims to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. In addition, target 11c plans to support Less Developed Countries (LDCs) through financial and technical assistance in the

This book discusses the dynamics of the spatial development of agglomerates, taking into account the SDGs, and analyzes the environmental risks to which they are subject due to climate change. It addresses the development of sustainable transport infrastructures and new socioeconomic transformation and regeneration strategies of urban settlements. It is divided into two sections. The first section includes chapters that address the problem of large urban agglomerations and

The second section includes chapters on the conformation of spaces and their agglomerations. The proposed solutions focus on climate-adaptive strategies to affect the mechanisms of urban transformations and their implementation.

global health crisis even more complex [4].

construction of sustainable and resilient buildings [7].

propose new forms of regeneration from the top down.
