**4. Concluding remarks**

In the light of review of CSR literature related to Pakistan we concluded that academic CSR research is in its initial stages. On the positive note, it is on the way of improvement. The measurement of CSR and theoretical foundations are the emphasis in this research. Greater emphasis is required by the researchers to lay down the strong theoretical foundations. While studying the CSR-financial performance link the theoretical perspective, the control variables and the mediators need to be studied hand in hand. The lack or overlook thereof of the thorough explanation of theoretical foundations doubts the interpretation of the results. There may exist external drivers i.e. stakeholder, legitimacy & institutional perspectives that can prevail in driving CSR or the internal drivers like slack resources, signaling, agency or resource-based view that may complement the implementation of CSR.

A comprehensive inquiry about the CSR and managerial motivations is required in the research relying on questionnaire surveys and interviews. The perceived and actual social performance needs to be keenly observed, hence highlighting the perspective of CSR. The academic CSR research based on strong theoretical foundations, capturing the true social performance will help academia to understand the corporations and their concerns for stakeholders. It can become a strong institution to forward a corporate agenda towards a range of stakeholders.

#### **Author details**

Zaheer Alam and Kashif Rashid\* COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: mkrashid@cuiatd.edu.pk

© 2022 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
