**6. Climate change impact and risk analysis**

Changes in species abundance and diversity due to climate alteration will lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of insect pest management systems, so current monitoring methods need to be strengthened and new ones need to be created to recognise possible changes in pest distribution, population ecology, risk assessment, yield loss and impact assessment. Potential enhancements in pest endurance strategies require wider and deeper inter-centre collaborations to create new IPM options or to disseminate existing ones to new areas where farmers can find them suitable. Excessive use of synthetic insecticides results from existing sensitivities to environmental contamination, human health threats and the return of pests. Numerous botanically and biologically based products are currently used as ecofriendly products. However, both of these pest management methods are extremely environmentally sensitive. Due to rising temperatures and UV radiation and decreasing relative humidity, many of these control tactics may be ineffective [79]. Appropriate pest management techniques, which will be successful in global warming situations in the future, must therefore be created. The resistance of host plants, natural plant products, bio-pesticides, natural enemies and agricultural practises provide a potentially viable alternative to integrated pest control. But, as a result of global warming, the relative effectiveness of many of those control mechanisms is likely to change. Climate change is greatly influenced by biological regulation, which is considered to be an important and successful aspect of IPM programmes, as the relationship between natural enemies and host pests is affected.

The troubling aspect in the absence of natural enemies is the transfer of insect species to new terrains, as it can lead to outbursts of pests. The biggest challenge in the future is to establish efficient model forecasting that would cover the approaches for their management. It is urgent to establish and incorporate modelling methods for predicting changes in the topographical distribution and population development of insect pests and adapting approaches to minimise crop losses. Weather-based pest management systems are valuable decision-making tools that help farmers recognise the risk of outbreaks of pests under different climatic conditions. For alert systems, weather, plant-insect relationship information is very important to take appropriate action to avoid outbreaks of pests and to avoid economic losses. For sustainable agriculture and the mitigation of the effects of climate change on agriculture, assessing the impacts of climate change on crop yield and climate-smart crop growth is significant.

### **7. Conclusion**

In modern era climate change is globally acknowledged fact. It has a serious effect on the diversity, distribution, occurrence, reproduction, development, growth, voltisim and phenology of insect pests and plant species. It also affects the activity of plant defence and resistance system, invasive insect species, natural enemies, pollinators and insect pest management strategies. Food protection in the 21st century will be the greatest challenge for humanity in the years to come, considering the declining efficiency of production due to the depletion of the natural resource base, the drastic effects of climate change on the diversity and abundance of insect pests, and the scale of crop losses. Coping with climate change is very tedious, due to its uncertainty, ambiguity, unpredictability and differential effects over time and place. It is important and challenging in agriculture to understand abiotic stress reactions in plants, insect pests, invasive insect species, natural enemies and pollinators. The effects of climate change on crop production, mediated by changes in populations of extreme insect pests, should be carefully considered in the planning and implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies for future pest management programmes. It is then vital to look at the possible impacts of climate change on crop safety in a concerted manner and to establish effective actions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on food security.
