*2.4.1 Amount of energy produced at household level if installing solar panel for irrigation wells*

The energy produced by solar panels depends on the location and shading, along with operational hours per day. The energy produced differs between summer and winter, based on sun exposure [24]. According to the Syria National Centre for Energy Research, the radiance period is 312 days/year. However, the USAID water resource assessment in 2016—conducted in South Syria—indicated that Syrians are relying on diesel power generators to meet domestic, industrial, and agricultural needs [25], but diesel is not the most stable source of energy. It is expensive which depletes communities' assets [26].

Generally, the calculation of the amount of energy produced in kilowatt hour (kWh) is done by a simple equation—of multiplying the watts of solar panel by the number of operational hours per day, with consideration of the 312 radiation days per year for Syria, to calculate the energy produced in 1 year [27].

The calculations for 30 HHs indicated that the average energy produced by households to pump irrigated water from wells—with depth between 50 and 200 m to support their small yard for basic food needs—is **5002.16 Kwh/year.**
