**1. Introduction**

The discourse surrounding climate change has continuously emphasized the adverse effects on developing nations, especially among vulnerable populations women and children. Globally, 700 newborn and 830 women die daily, with 99% of these deaths occurring in developing nations [1]. These alarming statistics that define maternal and neonatal health problems in developing nations will grow as the effect of climate change increases. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the negative influences of climate change on maternal and neonatal health in developing nations pose worse consequences if left unimpeded [2, 3]. Developing nations are already dealing with many public health issues such as malaria, diarrheal diseases, diabetes, and tuberculosis [4, 5]. Hence, a high confidence vote has been placed on African nations as being one of the most vulnerable continents to climate change and climate variability, a situation aggravated by the interaction of 'multiple stresses,' occurring at various levels, and low adaptive capacity [6].

Nigeria is listed among the top 10 countries of the world in the climate change vulnerability index [2]. Due to Nigeria's unique population, the consequences of climate change are likely to include increased water and food shortages, high exposure to heat stress, and dangerous levels of ultraviolet radiation. These climate change consequences have far more dire effects on at-risk populations—women and children. Also, extreme climate change influence on rainfall and temperature events can lead to increased incidence of diarrhea, cholera malnutrition, and even mortality in younger children.

Several reports have focused specifically on the direct and indirect negative effects of climate change on child and maternal health outcomes [7–11]. However, only a few studies have been conducted in Nigeria about climate-related health issues, especially related to climate change's direct and indirect effects on maternal and prenatal health outcomes [12–14]. Although most of the effects of climate change on health are yet to be foregrounded in climate research in Nigeria, it does not change the population's vulnerability and the current adverse health effects that are yet to be accounted for among at-risk populations.
