**9. Climate change and alters in agro-climatic zoning**

According to the prediction of climate models that predict the continuation of more heat than the global average for high latitudes and elevated areas, especially in winter, as well as the increase in winter temperature and night temperature than in the past, certainly growing domains including natural and hand planting will be affected. Also, the changes that have taken place in agroclimatic indices in the world can be effective. New climatic conditions different from previous ones can alter the niche space (Ecological nest) of any living organism and disturb the favorable biological conditions for living organisms, including plants and animals. This change in environmental conditions, especially changing climatic conditions, may not be desirable for plant species. So that, by changing the optimum climatic conditions of the plant, new plant species to replace the previous species. Chamura et al. [46] used climate models and concluded that agro-climatic zones associated with major food crops of corn, sorghum, cassava, and peanuts in Ghana have changed. Research by Tranka et al. [47] indicates the deterioration of agricultural conditions in Ghana. Their results confirm that dryland farming in this country is facing serious risks and there is an increased risk of very undesirable years in many climatic zones of this country, leading to annual variation of crop yields. Ceglar et al. [48] studied the effect of climate change on the displacement of agro-climatic zones in Europe. The gradual warming of the European continent has led to the prolonged growing season, the cumulative increase in active temperatures combined with the events of the extreme hot events. This research, which has been conducted using climatic models and different emission scenarios, shows that much of Europe will be affected by the displacement of climate regions facing the north in the coming

decades. In addition, the displacement of agro-climatic zones in Eastern Europe may reach twice the speed observed in the period 1975–2016. Some regions may lose the ability to grow specific crops for the benefit of northern European regions. This index-based assessment shows that the potential benefits of prolonging the thermal growing season in northern and eastern Europe are often unbalanced by the risk of late frost and heatwaves in early spring and summer.

Research reveals that due to the shortening of the growing period or due to lack of thermal requirements, agro-climatic zones have been displaced [49, 50–53]. The movement of vineyards from the main planting areas, i.e. the Mediterranean regions to the central and western regions of Europe, is evidence of this claim.

King et al. [54] indicated that suitable conditions for the degree-day of plant growth will experience a north-facing expansion of up to 1200 kilometers in northern regions by the end of the twenty-first century. The northerly expansion will provide favorable conditions for crop production, along with the relocation of agro-climatic zones to inland and other parts of Europe. Although ecological barriers (such as mountains and lakes) can temporarily stop movement, the speed of movement across the boundaries of climatic zones has a significant impact on the redistribution of ecological communities [55].
