**1. Introduction**

Energy and climate change are important topics in the sustainable development discourse globally and in Uganda. Indeed, the two touch on almost all sectors and

achievement socio-economic and environmental sustainability. Excitingly, the two topics are closely linked to the extent that one cannot be exhaustively discussed without reference to the other. Energy is driver of climate change because it is the main source of greenhouse gases (GHG) that are responsible for global warming and climate change. But still energy is a victim of climate change because energy supply systems are sensitive to the impacts of climate change that affect the accessibility, reliability and affordability of energy services. Therefore, while increased investment in sustainable and clean energy systems can be a solution to the global climate change challenge, addressing climate risk can increase the reliability and resilience of energy supply systems.

While Uganda's contribution to global GHG emissions is still very low (given that fossil fuel consumption is low) the country is highly vulnerable to climate change, ranking 166th out of 181 countries in the 2019 ND-GAIN index1 which makes it the 12th most vulnerable and 36th least ready country [1] to adapt to climate change. Energy poverty is high and the main energy related GHG emissions in the country are caused by overreliance on biomass energy which is also a driver to deforestation land degradation and in-door air pollution. However, the rising population, rapid urbanization and ongoing oil and gas development point to a significant increase GHG emissions in the future.

Uganda's long-term development agenda aims at socio-economic transformation and attainment of an upper middle-income country status by 2040 [2] and to achieve this the country needs increased access to clean, affordable, and reliable energy. But Uganda also seeks to 'pursue a green growth and resilient development path' in line with its national development agenda and international development commitments, and particular the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change but this will not be achieved unless increased investments are made in green and resilient energy systems. In this chapter, we explore the nexus between energy and climate change in Uganda and its implications to achieving green, resilient and sustainable development.
