**2. Materials and methods**

Climate change has direct implications for the stability of food production systems. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, such as droughts and floods, will pose severe threats to the strength of both domestic and global food markets. In addition, the frequency and magnitude of food-deficit emergencies may increase as a result of the complex interaction between political conflict and migration, with increased competition for scarce resources.

One consequence of climate change is the growing scarcity of water resources. Water plays a crucial role in food production, both regionally and globally.

On the one hand, more than 80% of all agricultural land in the world is not irrigated; crop productivity depends on sufficient available moisture in these areas. On the other hand, in areas where this value is limited by climatic conditions, such as the arid and semi-arid regions of the tropics and subtropics and the Mediterranean-type regions in Europe, Australia and South America, agricultural production is very vulnerable to climate change.

On the other hand, global food production depends not only on moisture in precipitation but also on water resources for irrigation. With a warmer climate, the pressure on irrigation systems will increase, which will require additional resources and costs.

Under conditions of global climate change, the risk of competition for water resources increases, especially in regions with inter-boundary rivers and reservoirs, such as Central Asia [4].

In general terms, the adverse effects of global warming on agriculture can be as follows:


Rising temperatures are not always uniformly bad; they can lead to increased crop productivity, particularly in the plateaus and high-altitude tropical areas or in northern latitudes where low temperatures limit crop growth.

#### **3. Research results**

The research subject is the northern part of the Eurasian continent, which starts from the coast of Norway in the western region and ends with the Kamchatka Peninsula in the eastern part.

*The Impact of Global Warming and Climate Change on the Development of Agriculture… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99392*

The area is limited by the 70th parallel to the North, as further North is the far North where no crops can be grown despite warming. To the south, the 60th parallel.

On the whole Eurasian continent, only a few countries are included in this area: Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia [5, 6]. The main crops cultivated in these countries are shown in **Table 1**.

An important observation of the study is that only livestock production is practised in northern latitudes in all countries other than the Russian Federation. Crop production in northern latitudes is either undeveloped or underdeveloped in these countries. Therefore, further research will focus on the areas of the North of the Russian Federation.

In the context of increasing climate change, Russia, as a country with not only a vast territory but also a variety of different climatic zones, can have a significant impact on global food security, although it, like other regions of the world, will not escape the harmful effects of global warming.

According to many experts, climate change in Russia is already occurring and is often unfavorable for agriculture, the economy and the social sphere.

In studies of climate change across the country, all models without exception show substantial warming of the climate in Russia in the 21st century. Moreover, temperature changes are significantly more significant than the standard deviations throughout the area in question, even during the cold season when intrinsic temperature variability is exceptionally high.

In the scientific literature, various researchers show impressive results in studying the economic impact of climate change on agriculture, especially on the productivity of staple crops (cereals, forage).

Scientists estimated Yield Changes by the IPCC A1F1 Global Development Scenario, which assumes high economic growth with intensive use of fossil fuels. The data obtained were presented by the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Meteorology - RRIAM.

For grain crops in Russia, yields are forecast to fall by up to 17% by 2050. In the Volga and Ural Federal Districts, the decline in grain yields will be catastrophic - by 30% and 38%, respectively. Likewise, the reduction in forage yields will be significant in the Southern and Volga Federal Districts, down 17% and 12%, respectively [5].

Similar conclusions are drawn by international research. In particular, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) obtained estimates of yield changes of wheat and some other crops in Russia by 2050, based on which the experts came to several conclusions about the state of agricultural land in the future until 2050




### *The Impact of Global Warming and Climate Change on the Development of Agriculture… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99392*



#### **Table 1.**

*Gross harvest of the main cultivated crops in the Nordic countries of the Eurasian continent, tones [6].*
