**3.1 Data: source and type**

This study employed data from secondary and primary sources. Secondary source dada include climate and agricultural data and primary source data include household survey and participatory rural appraisal (PRA; key informant, focused group discussion, and participant observation). Climate data for this study which encompassed the area of 6.36°–7.14°N Latitude and 38.01°–38.56°E Longitude was generated from National Meteorological Agency (NMA) on both monthly rainfall (mm) and daily maximum and minimum temperature for the period 1987–2017 which is 31 years' time. The NMA processes and documents a TAMSAT (**T**ropical **A**pplication of **M**etrology using **SAT**ellite data and ground-based observation) data in collaboration with World Meteorological Organization (WMO). This form of data is functional [22], in Matewos and Tefera [23], where there is no wellorganized, well calibrated, validated, and reliable spatiotemporal weather data on station based observation (**Figure 3** and **Table 1**).

Agricultural data was collected from Bureau of Finance and Economic Development. Qualities of these data were controlled by identifying frontier outliers.

### *3.1.1 Household survey*

This tool was employed to collect data from 400 respondents at a household level.

The sample size was determined based on Yemane [24]. Accordingly, the sample size will be as:

$$\mathfrak{n} = \mathbf{N}/\mathbf{1} + \mathbf{N} \* \mathbf{e}^2,\tag{1}$$

whereas

*n* stands for sample

*N* stands for population

*E* stands for error term (error margin). Thus,

$$\mathfrak{n} = 74\mathfrak{6}\mathfrak{8}/\mathfrak{1} + 74\mathfrak{6}\mathfrak{8}(\mathfrak{0}.05)^2 = > 74\mathfrak{6}\mathfrak{8}/\mathfrak{1}\mathfrak{8}.\mathfrak{6}\mathfrak{5} = > 400^2$$

**Figure 3.** *Grid points of the study area.*

*Climate Change in Ethiopia: Implication on Human Capital in Rural Community - Case Study… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98993*


#### **Table 1.**

*Population and samples.*

Structured and semi-structured questions were employed to collect data on major research issues such as experiences of farmers on the trend of changes and variability in local climate (temperature and rainfall), major indicators of the climate change and its driven impacts on health and education of their households.

### *3.1.2 Key informant interview (KII)*

This tool was employed to collect data from a community level. For this purpose, the study included key informant interview to gain in-depth information about their experience and observations on the climate change as well as impacts of change on the health and education at a community level.

## *3.1.3 Focus group discussion (FGD)*

With the intention to collect data from household to the community ranges, as an augmentation on KII data, one FGD was designed for each of five administrative districts (five FGD's) under the study.

Normally, each of five groups had nine members who were from the composition of most elders, senior government representatives, the eldest household heading women, senior rural development agents, youth league leader in the structure of youth in local political arrangement, senior academician, religious society leader, senior health extension, and the representatives of civic societies who in one way or in other were expected to observe and/or feel the change and variability of climate and resulting impact on [their] farms and livestock within the society.

#### *3.1.4 Participant observation*

As another tool of PRA, this tool was employed to collect data on climate changes by observing various phenomena including bio-physical status of natural environments; personal physical condition and household assets (residences, farm, grazing fields and cattle on them and their physical statuses); and community's asset (social service institutions such as the institutions of health and education; ecosystems and their interactions). Aerial photographs were captured as evidence on what were observed and documented along with their relevant data.

Survey was conducted through trained enumerators under the supervision of the researcher under the assistance of moderators. There were one enumerator and one moderator for each of five districts and totally, there were eight individuals

involved for overall data collection. PRA was carried out by researcher with the assistance of moderators.
