**9. Conclusion**

Heat stress as an effect of climate change, would inevitably is the reason heat stress in all farm animals, affecting their reproductive abilities. The impacts of heat stress on both females and males were explored in detailed in this chapter as well as male reproductive. This chapter also discussed mitigation measures that should be considered in order to avoid financial losses caused by environmental pressures on bovine reproductivity. Fortunately, there are managed methods for mitigating the severity of heat stress on bovine reproductivtiy. The involvement of cattle's in climate controlled environments, using the techniques of artificial insemination protocols that conquer the detection of poor oestrus, embryo transfer method and implementation of embryo to avoid damage in oocyte and earlier fertilisation. The heat stress can also causes the embryo to develop abnormally. To aid ruminants cope with harmful conditions, management options such as strategic technique are being use of providing the shades along with wind covering, attachment of sprinklers and providing ventilation at the time period of extreme heat stress should be considered. The strategy of diet intake, in addition to these steps, can be advantageous for ruminants facing environmental challenges also; there are possibilities for manipulating animal genetics to produce a more heat-resistant animal. The animals have genes for body temperature control and cellular tolerance to high temperatures. The temperature, as well as the recognition and genes assimilation in to breeds which are heat-receptive that does not decreases the reproduction, will be a great accomplishment. On the other hand all animals can adapt to their thermal surroundings through adaptation and acclimation. In response to temperature, animals can alter their patterns of behavioural, alter the physiological, and changes the pattern of morphological characteristics, or a combination of these towards heat stress.
