**4.5 TEM study of blood serum**

The necessity to carry out this TEM study of blood serum sample (with and without adding ZnO is that the device which we were going to design is ZnO based biosensor in which we have to check the compatibility of ZnO with serum sample. Already it has been analysed that ZnO can be added to serum sample but the proportion must be maintained otherwise ZnO may damage the serum sample. It has been concluded that if 1 microlitre of ZnO is added to 1ml of serum sample then it does not alter the biological parameters of serum. In fact addition of ZnO will be more effective in designing a ZnO based biosensor as discussed in the previous section.

As per suggestion given by expert technician of NEHU Shillong performing TEM experiments, serum sample mixed with ZnO should be tested under biological sample category although ZnO comes under material sample category because we need to compare the TEM images of serum sample (with and without ZnO) basically to observe the existence of protein structure even after addition of ZnO so that we can proceed one more step to design our proposed ZnO based device of high efficiency.

**Figure 12.** *TEM images of blood serum of bovine.*

**Figure 13.** *TEM images of blood serum of bovine mixed with ZnO.*
