**3.1 Food security impact of dairy cows and heifers: a field experiment in the Zambia**

In a livestock field experiment carried out in the Zambia, the impact of dairy heifers and cows ownership on household income and on household milk consumption was investigated [2]. The dairy heifers and cows were given out as pass-on-gift (POG) to 324 households and 2200 individuals over 5 different communities. Provision was also made for households and individual farmers to own dairy draft cows which also produced milk for sufficient milk consumption at home and some for local sales as source of income. The draft cattle were used for land cultivation and crop production. It was observed that this livestock development project increased incomes, raised the food security of those holding the animals and altered the food environment to enhance the diets of the cow recipients communities. Zambia was classified under the countries with an annual agricultural GDP of less than PPP\$1 billion (PPP\$0.92 billion). Also, Zambia was

classified as a region with historically low rates of large animal ownership and as a developing or low income country [2].
