**4.4 Measurement of resistance of blood serum of bovine**

In the next set of experiment 1μl ZnO is mixed with 1ml of blood serum of 5 different blood serums of bovine collected from different specimen. The five different samples of blood serum of the three different species were then undergone clinical test for testing four biological parameters - Bun, creatinine, SGPT and SGOT. Also the above mentioned five samples of each three species were then mixed with ZnO and then again clinical test has been performed. It has been found that there is an increase in the values of the parameters after mixing all the 5 serums with ZnO. **Table 1** shows the comparison chart of biological parameters (after mixing with ZnO) of three species- bovine, avian and caprine respectively [12]. **Table 2** shows the normal range of biological parameters of bovine as obtained from clinical reference interval values given by Central Instrument Laboratory, College of Veterinary Science, Khanapara, Guwahati.


### **Table 1.**

*Comparison of biological parameters of Bovine.*

## *Device Diagnosing Health of Bovine DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99286*


**Table 2.**

*Normal range of biological parameters of Bovine.*

### **Figure 10.** *Vial containing serum with steel electrode.*

The resistance of 5 samples of blood serums and same 5 samples mixed with ZnO are measured using multimeter and also using Arduino as shown in **Figure 10** so as to check how resistance changes after mixing serum with ZnO. Arduino is an open source electronics board which is easy to use for programming. **Figure 11** shows the circuit diagram to measure the resistance of blood serum using multimeter and Arduino. **Tables 3** and **4** shows the values of resistances. It has been observed that resistance increases when serum is mixed with ZnO when measured in both the cases. i.e. using multimeter and using Arduino [13].

The experiment is carried out by inserting two electrodes of stainless steel at a distance of 0.81 cm into a vial consisting of serum. This electrodes are dipped into the vial of 1.5ml (as shown in **Figure 10**) in such a way that both the electrodes only touch the surface of serum. This particular set of electrodes are used for all type of samples after cleaning. The measurements of vial are taken using vernier calliper of zero least count are as follows:


The circuit shown in the **Figure 11(a)** has been used to observe the variation in the value of resistance of blood serum in the multimeter when current flows

### **Figure 11.**

*(a):Circuit diagram of rmeasuring the resistance of blood serum using multimeter; (b): Circuit diagram for measuring the resistance of blood serum using Arduino.*


### **Table 3.**

*Measurement of Resistance of 5 different samples of bovine using multimeter.*

through the serum between the electrodes. These electrodes are connected to 5V dc supply so that when current flows through the serum there occurs a change in resistance of blood serum which is then further get stable at certain value. Again when nanoparticle ZnO solution is added to the same serum sample, then it has been observed that value of resistance measured by multimeter is greater than that


**Table 4.**

*Measurement of Resistance of 5 different samples of bovine using Arduino.*

value of resistance measured without adding ZnO. We have used same set up for measurement of all the samples. Using circuit shown in **Figure 11(b)**, resistance of same samples are measured using Arduino [14]. Here, ADC gives voltage and current value and in this model we have taken into consideration the resistance mode, so using voltage divider rule the unknown value of resistance of blood serums has been found out as shown in the Eqs. (2) and (3):

$$\mathbf{V}\_{\text{out}} = \mathbf{V}\_{\text{in}} \times \frac{\mathbf{R}\_2}{\mathbf{R}\_1 + \mathbf{R}\_2} \tag{2}$$

$$\mathbf{R}\_1 = \frac{\mathbf{V}\_{\text{in}} - \mathbf{V}\_{\text{out}}}{\mathbf{V}\_{\text{out}}} \times \mathbf{R}\_2 \tag{3}$$

where, R1 = resistance of blood serums, R2 = known value of resistance i.e. 10 K, Vin = Supply voltage (5 V), Vout = Output Voltage (4335.9 mV).

It has been observed that resistance increases after addition of ZnO to 5 different samples of blood serum of three species [15].
