**2. General concept of biological parameters of animals**

On Earth, there is no such living creatures which are free from diseases whether in case of human being or in case of animals, birds, insects or any other living organisms. It is true that cause of disease might be different. The reasons might be due to bad environmental conditons, due to lack of proper diets, due to hormonal imbalance, due to malfunctioning of organs, or it may be congenital or due to many more different conditions. Out of all diseases some are curable while few are beyond the control of doctors. Researchers are still doing researches to find out the solution of the remaining unsolved problems i.e. trying their best to make all the diseases curable. Some of the diseases can be controlled by the patient themselves by maintaining the biological parameters within the range which is safe for living a healthy life. But this will be possible only for human beings, not for the animals, birds and other living organisms. And it is the human beings who can also save the animals by taking care of the animals. Biological parameters such as creatinine, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Blood Urea Nitrogen are the parameters which gives an indication about proper functioning of liver and kidney.

Creatinine gives an accurate estimation for keeping a track on proper working of filtration processes of kidney. Formation of creatinine is shown in **Figure 1**:

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or SGOT and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or SGPT are the enzymes that are present not only in the liver cells in large number but also in the muscle cells to a smaller number. If the liver gets injured or damaged, these enzymes are spilled into the blood by the liver cells, thereby raising the SGPT and SGOT enzyme blood levels and hence, indicating liver disease.

**Figure 1.** *Formation of creatinine.*

BUN and creatinine levels gives a very accurate estimation of proper functioning of the kidneys. BUN measures urea level in the blood. To maintain a normal level of urea in the blood, both the liver and kidneys must function properly.
