Preface

To recognize and control diseases and disorders in bovines, as well as to improve animal health and production, it is essential to understand recent advances in bovine science. *Bovine Science - Challenges and Advances* presents up-to-date knowledge in the field, covering both introductory topics and more advanced concepts related to bovine health.

The first section is an introduction to bovine sciences for the world economy and food security. It also covers future concepts and perspectives.

The second section on "Advances" discusses new techniques in bovine science and development, such as the use of biogas from bovine confinement.

The third section on "Health Perspective" discusses health and risk factors and diagnosis of disease in bovines. It gives special focus to aflatoxins, which are highly toxic to livestock, poultry, and people.

The fourth and fifth section on "Production" and "Reproduction" examines the economic impact and technologies of bovine production and reproduction.

I would like to express my gratitude to all the contributing authors. My special thanks to Author Service Manager Ms. Jasna Bozic and other staff at IntechOpen publishing for their kind support and great efforts in bringing the book to completion. In addition, I am also thankful to my colleagues, friends, and family for all their support.

> **Dr. Muhammad Abubakar** National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan

Section 1 Introduction
