**3. Future approaches with single strain probiotic Bifidobacteria**

Infection of medical equipment is one of the most common problems in the healthcare field, medical equipment infection can be prevented by probiotic bifidobacterial adhesion (**Figure 7**). Also, depending on the electrophysiological properties of these single strain probiotic bifidobacteria species, which have antimicrobial,

#### **Figure 7.**

*Single strain probiotic bifidobacteria adhesion on medical orthopedic implant on scanning electron microscope (SEM) appearance.*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Single strain probiotic bifidobacteria adhesion (left appearance of SEM) and biodegradation (right appearance of SEM EDS) on polypropylene microplastic.*

immunomodulatory and beneficial effects on human health, they have paved the way for a new era in many areas such as agriculture, food, biodegradation of microplastics (**Figure 8**) and a healthy ecological system.
