*4.1.1. Pectin, starch, cellulose as biopolymers*

From various by-products we find some starch, cellulose; where starch is a white granular, organic compound with soft, tasteless powdery appearance insoluble in cold water, alcohol or different solvents, and cellulose found by peeling of horticultural crops as it is available in primary cell wall of green plants [30] Amylose and amylopectin are the branched form of starch, whereas linear polymer is the simplest one [31] Starch nowadays is produced from banana peels, corn, pea, potato, cassava roots. Banana peels can be processed for bioplastic production and sometimes sodium metabisulfite used as antimicrobial agent, glycerol used for more flexibility. Degradation of bioplastics produced from starch starts after 3–4 months

**Figure 2.** *Utilization of fruits and vegetable peel-based waste into novel industrial products [29].*


#### **Table 5.**

*Strategies for horticultural wastes management [19].*

date of production [32] By this, starch-producing strategies can give the commercial aspects for many emerging entrepreneurships. This is also nonhazardous for the environment because it is readily disposable after a short period of time. Not only banana but also cassava will completely be degraded on the ninth day after production of bioplastic [33] On the contrary, plastic materials are nondegradable products that can hamper the balance of the environment. Cellulose sometimes coverts into starch or glucose by decomposing called cellulolysis with the help of microbes such as *Trichoderma reesei* and *Aspergillus terreus*. Then it is used as a material for bioplastic production (**Table 6**) [34].
