**3. Horticultural wastes as environmental concern**

Environment day by day is threatened with the undisposed wastes derived from various sources of horticultural sectors, from both farming and industrial perspective. Air, water, and soil are major three components of the environment that get affected by the pollutants derived from the horticultural wastes.

#### **3.1. Impact of waste on air quality**

Sometimes, we disposed some waste with the burning. But these types of waste management are not fruitful always as burning of crop stubbles possesses some hazardous emissions of many harmful gaseous components. As a result, the atmosphere represents monoxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane associated with other toxic hydrocarbons. These types of dangerous gases and particulate matters make a negative impact on air and are harmful for both human and animal health (**Table 3**) [21–23].

Besides burning of crop stubbles, nitrous oxide is derived from microbial processes in cultivated soil and manures. Machineries used in crop cultivation require


#### **Table 3.**

*Major air pollutants emitted during crop residue burning [24].*

#### **Figure 1.**

*Water pollution pyramid [25].*


#### **Table 4.**

*Wastes effect in different horticultural operation on water pollution [27].*

fuel combustion resulting in the rapid production of CO2. The ultimate result of air pollution leads to the temperature rising, ecological disbalance, and degradable sustainability of the environment.
