**9. Evaluation of emulsification quality of pectin extracted by ultrasonic-enzyme method**

"Studies show that ultrasonic pretreatment can improve enzyme extraction time. For example, ultrasonic pretreatment for 15-45 minutes and then using enzyme extraction sources for 1 hour, increases the yield of pectin to 92-84%. Also, enzymatic treatment for 2 hours and ultrasonic pretreatment for 15-45 minutes, increases the yield of pectin to 67-95%. However, if the enzyme extraction solution is used for 4 hours and the ultrasonic pretreatment for 15-45 minutes, this number is reduced to 2-16%. Increased yield of pectin extracted by ultrasonic pretreatment

*Biotechnology Applications in the Pectin Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100470*

and enzymatic treatment, due to increased mass transfer, occurs during ultrasound through the process of cavity bubble collapse, which itself, due to increased porosity and surface area, will increase the penetration of enzymes into plant tissue. On the other hand, ultrasonic pretreatment, by hydrating the pectin in the inner layer, causes more swelling and softening of the cell wall, and ultimately leads to wall destruction during pretreatment" [4].

### **10. Therefore…**

"Today, we can extract pectin with a very good quality by the extraction solution of cellulase and xylanase enzymes, similar to acid extraction under the best possible conditions. Generally, the benefits of enzymatic extraction far outweigh the benefits of acid extraction. Furthermore, many of the disadvantages of traditional extraction don't exist in green extraction. We must also consider that the enzymatic extraction of pectin in the conditions of using the combined extraction solution of xylanase and cellulase is in its highest quality, which will be much more effective than the method of using single enzymes. In addition, ultrasonic pretreatment in enzymatic extraction method develops and improves pectin processing technology, making extraction time and product quality very desirable. But the use of ultrasonic-enzyme extraction method does not show a significant effect on the emulsification properties of pectins in comparison with enzymatic extraction" [4, 5].

## **11. Biotechnology ideas for pectin factory solid waste**

Since the pectin is extracted from plant products (or pectin-like from algae); Its solid waste can be used to extract or produce valuable materials. One of the ideas for extracting pectin waste is related to substances that can complement your main product. According to studies, if you can extract "cellulose, starch or alginate; You have found a good supplement to increase and improve the effectiveness of your pectin" [11].

Also, if you succeed in commercializing algae to extract pectin-like; You can extract "lipids from its waste to produce biodiesel, carbohydrates to produce bioethanol, protein, or even alginate, and so on" [8, 11–13].

If none of these extractions are cost-effective for your factory, you may welcome the production of fertilizer (algae waste or plant products) and even biochar. If you own a large pectin plant and produce a lot of waste, it may be costeffective to produce biochar. You can also collect agricultural waste to mix with your waste.

"Biochar, which is produced from biomass pyrolysis, can be used for water's heavy element treatment, such as agricultural fertilizer (with the advantage of reducing the amount of water required), or even as fuel" [6, 14].

### **12. Biotechnology ideas for pectin factory effluent**

Plant effluent can be used to grow algae. "These algae may eventually be used as a source for biofuels, fertilizers, and so on" [8, 12, 13]. "Algae also have the ability to purify water even completely" [15]. "Or you can use these algae to make custom water purification biofilms" [15].

Good luck.

*Pectins - The New-Old Polysaccharides*
