**5. Drugs associated with seizures**

The administration of different drugs used therapeutically can predispose to epileptic seizures presence either by lowering the epileptogenic threshold, intoxication, or overdose of these. The main groups of antimicrobials that can cause seizures are beta-lactams, anti-tuberculous, and antimalarials. The pro epileptogenic effect of beta-lactams is related to high doses or their toxicity. Seizures related to drugs used to treat tuberculosis are mainly due to vitamin B6 deficiency. Mefloquine and chloroquine are reported antimalarial drugs that can lead to seizures. The proconvulsive effect of methylxanthines is thought to be due to A1 adenosine receptor inhibition. Paradoxically, it is known that carbamazepine can worsen generalizedonset seizures. As well as the withdrawal effect of benzodiazepines, which in some cases can lower the seizure threshold [30–34]. **Table 2** summarizes the main drugs associated with seizures. The following part reviews some of the toxic effects of the main antiepileptic drugs used in clinical practice.
