**5.1 Improving the provision of information and understanding of post-stroke UI**

The basis for implementing this theme is the finding of our previous qualitative study which showed that informants (patients) need information to increase their knowledge in recognizing and understanding various physical and psychosocial conditions that occur to them. This information can make it easier for patients to overcome problems related to post-stroke UI that they were experiencing.

Information is provided through health education about post-stroke UI which includes an explanation of the basic concepts of post-stroke UI such as definition, causes, the process of occurrence, signs and symptoms that appear, types of poststroke UI, and how to deal with post-stroke UI. Nurses need to build a trusting relationship and conduct an initial assessment of the patient's knowledge regarding the patient's perceived physical and psychosocial conditions.

Providing education about post-stroke UI is given to patients and their families as caregivers. Before educating patient and caregivers, nurses seek information from patients related to what patients have known about post-stroke UI. This makes it easier for nurses to provide further information. Information from patients is a central aspect of patient-centered care [37]. The information conveyed by the patient reflects the patient's knowledge about their condition [38]. Nurses have the potential to identify people with incontinence, establish appropriate interventions, and provide valuable health education to empower patients [39]. Providing information related to a through assessment in describing the type and severity of incontinence is needed to provide treatment/nursing care according to individual needs [10].

**Figure 1.** *Model schema of post-stroke urinary incontinence management.*

Post-stroke UI is a taboo subject in society; patient openness in providing information to nurses is very much needed. In an effort to increase patient openness, there needs to be a trusting relationship between patients and nurses. In-depth interviews that researchers conducted in digging up information related to poststroke UI were not easy to do. Some informants did not immediately open up if they had experienced UI but by starting questions to explore information related to daily activities, the obstacles found by the patient in carrying out daily activities so that the patient was open to provide information about his current condition.
