**3.2 Relationship between human becoming theory and post-stroke UI**

The theory of human becoming was developed by Rosemarie Parse. Parse views human, the universe, and health as inseparable, irreducible, and ever-changing [28]. Humans are an integral part of the environment, which is constantly changing and evolving with the environment. This provides a perspective that although healing is subjective, environmental factors are essentially a part of, can influence, and may facilitate the healing process. Nurses can help to create a healing environment for patients and families, by being with them and having the intention to be partners in patient care, respecting, and exploring subjective elements that can facilitate mind, body, and spirit healing [29].

Post-stroke UI patients require holistic and sustainable care in manner up to the patient's home. The holistic care model provides support to humans and focuses not only on completing the task of caring for physical aspects of the patient's chronic illness but also the human soul [30]. A holistic approach to nursing as a process strengthens every system of the human mind–body and allows natural healing potentials to develop. Many chronic health problems will respond well if handled from a holistic perspective [31].

Humans as bio-psycho-social-spiritual beings form meaning from previous experiences. The meaning associated with this experience reflects their personal values which are grown through powering and shows the individual's uniqueness in improving the quality of his/her life that needs to be maintained and improved. All aspects of human health, including quality of life, are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychological factors in the environment. Healing involves being open to one's presence as well as the environment. Emotional, physical, and spiritual closeness is needed in providing care to post-stroke UI patients.

### **3.3 Relationship between self-care deficit theory of nursing and post-stroke UI**

Self-care deficit theory of nursing was developed by Dorothea Elizabeth Orem. In Orem's theory, humans are viewed as agents with the potential for power to satisfy their own needs for self-care. Self-care is not limited to people providing care for them, but also includes care offered by others such as nurses, and/or family members. In Orem's theory, it is explained that humans have the ability to care for themselves and if this ability is distorted by a person, then nurses help individuals to regain their self-care abilities by providing direct care and support through health education. One of the main elements of self-care is health education to patients. Health education helps patients to do self-care because self-care requires the ability to treat them. The need for care exists when the demand for self-care exceeds the capabilities of the self-care agent. Nurses act as facilitators and change agents who can teach how to solve problems and make decisions regarding self-care.

Self-care must be learned and must be done deliberately. Self-care behavior is influenced by the total skills and knowledge that a person has and uses for his/her practical efforts. Self-care is considered an important and valuable principle because it emphasizes an active role in their own health care, not a passive one [32]. Poststroke UI patients need skills training to overcome their UI. These exercise include bladder retraining, pelvic floor muscle exercise, and ROM. Individual/patients who do pelvic floor exercise must have confidence and be motivated to do exercises regularly despite obstacles or difficulties in daily life [33]. Bladder retraining requires patients to be independent and motivated to participate actively in treatment [34].

The results of observations during previous research, respondent who actively did ROM showed their involvement in caring out daily activities such as helping with housework, fulfilling their needs related to personal hygiene such as bathing, dressing, and starting to be able to walk to urinate in the toilet so that the quality of life respondents the intervention group related to UI slowly showed improvement. These observations were in line with other studies that daily activity training could improve quality of life [35].
