**Abstract**

This chapter discusses the anatomy of the gallbladder with the anatomical variations potentially impacting surgical therapy. It is dissertated upon the clinical indication for the surgical therapy with consecutive treatment. The discussion on the surgery focuses on the patient's safety and strategies for safe cholecystectomy with an optimal approach. Even though the efforts to minimise potential complications are made, the complication may arise, and therefore, the last part of this chapter discusses such cases with optimal clinical management.

**Keywords:** gallbladder anatomy, indication, surgical treatment, cholecystectomy, critical view of safety, complications, biliary injury

### **1. Introduction**

The advancements in current knowledge of the human anatomy and diseases continuously led to innovation and improvements in surgical fields, with gallbladder surgery not being any different. Most of the advances were made in the last two centuries, lending the surgical pioneers perpetual reminiscence among colleagues. The names like Jean-Francois Calot, William S. Halsted, Carl Langenbuch, and others paved the way for successful gallbladder drainage and removal [1]. The introduction of open cholecystectomy led to the formation of new standards of care for the therapy of gallstones [1]. Moreover, the first video-laparoscopic gallbladder removal performed by French surgeon Philip Mouret meant the rapid spread of this new technique with majority replacement of the open surgery and changes to the state-of-the-art gallstone therapy making it in the process one of the most frequent surgeries currently performed worldwide [1, 2].
