**1. Introduction**

Biliary tract infections, such as biliary colic, cholangitis, cholecystitis, and cholelithiasis, are the most commonly encountered health disorders globally as a result of bile duct obstruction. Gallstones are relatively prevalent in the United States and many other industrialized countries, and they are usually asymptomatic. Gallstones are projected to affect 25 million adults in the United States (Everhart et al.) [1]. Bacterial infection of the bile can result in severe morbidity and mortality [Sifri and Madoff] [2]. Bile stasis, inflammation, and the loss of mechanical barriers can all lead to bacterial infection of the bile, which can end in severe morbidity and death. Obstruction is hypothesized to cause increased intraluminal pressure, impaired blood supply and lymphatic drainage, and acute inflammation in the presence of supersaturated bile (Indar and Beckingham) [3]. The pathogenesis of biliary tract infections, the microbial pathogens involved, and antibiotic treatment options are discussed in this article.
