**3.5 Hypoxia**

Most of preterm patients, especially the severely preterm, which is susceptible to a decreased response to hypoxia, and with it, the risk of apnea and perioperative hypoxia. Airway management is complicated in patients with hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari syndrome type II, a pathology that occurs in children with lumbosacral myelomeningocele. Other craniofacial syndromes that present with mandibular hypoplasia condition a complicated airway. SA has shown advantages over GA in children with myelomeningocele [9]. SA is particularly important to reduce the risk of postoperative apnea in high-risk NBs and allows a low incidence of respiratory complications [10].
