**5.13 Use of iron in pregnancy**

Iron is a component within the structure of heme, that has the power to simply exchange electrons, rework into ferric (Fe+2) and ferrous (Fe+3) forms. It's additionally needed for the assembly of haemoprotein and plenty of different enzymes. However, as a results of the conversion of peroxide into free ion radicals, it's the ability to break plasma membrane protein and DNA. Iron-protoporphine (heme) and iron sulfide compounds act as enzyme-cofactors [14]. The fullness of Ca stores together with iron is important for bone and red blood cell development [33]. Iron balance within the body is extremely delicate, and iron deficiency or excess is one among the foremost common diseases in humans [14]. Pregnancy, lactation, adolescence, rapid growth periods, factors that increase iron need, increase iron loss, decrease iron intake, absorption or use are among the most causes of iron deficiency [30]. Anemia, besides being a vital pathological state which will have an effect on the pregnancy method and also the quality of lifetime of the newborn, will increase its importance even additional because it is preventable. Therefore, the general public ought to learn regarding the explanations for mistreatment vitamin and iron medicine throughout pregnancy and nutrition [3, 10]. Iron deficiency ends up in enlarged preterm birth, low birth weight, and mortality within the 1st 2 trimesters of pregnancy. Enlarged plasma volume during pregnancy, increased iron demand of the fetus, quantity of vitamin C taken by the mother orally or with food, antacid use, excessive dietary intake of cereals with phytate content that have an effect on iron absorption, viscus parasites, consumption of tea and coffee, affect iron absorption and cause iron deficiency anemia [14]. However, the necessity for iron during pregnancy will increase particularly during the 3rd trimester [34]. Aspect effects associated with iron use are typically dose-dependent. Aspect effects similar to epigastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting, symptom or constipation could develop. Whereas the incidence of those side effects is reduced in low-dose use, they are seen in roughly 1/3 of cases in high-dose use [35]. Whereas the number of iron to be taken daily is eight mg in associate adult girl, a pregnant woman ought to take twenty seven mg of iron daily [11]. The most amount of iron a pregnant woman should take daily is 45 mg [14].

#### **5.14 Use of iodine in pregnancy**

Iodine, that is concerned within the production of thyroid hormones, is an element necessary for traditional growth and development, and brain and body functions. In relevance the iodine content of the soil and water, the number of

iodine we have a tendency to take with food varies. Iodine infatuated food and water is excreted within the body waste once it's employed in the assembly of thyroid hormone. Since iodine is not hold on in the body, a sufficient amount of iodine should be taken into the body a day [36]. Pregnant and lactating women are in the risk group for iodine deficiency. Among the most cases seen in iodine deficiency throughout pregnancy are miscarriage, stillbirths, inborn anomalies, increase in perinatal deaths and infant mortality rate, psychological feature dysfunction, infertility, deafness, abnormal condition (diplopia), psychomotor disorders, and hypothyroidism disorder [11]. Iodine deficiency within the fetus throughout pregnancy adversely affects particularly cerebral development. The foremost essential period of time is between the trimester and also the age of three, once cerebral development is basically completed. The foremost important reason behind correctable backwardness is iodine deficiency [14]. The typical daily iodine intake of fertile women is between 10 and 20 mcg. Daily iodine intake during pregnancy and nursing mothers ought to be 220 mcg. With breastfeeding, 100 mcg/day of iodine is transferred to baby. Body waste iodine concentration should be 10–20 mcg/day or 100–200 mcg/L throughout pregnancy. If daily iodine intake falls below 100 mcg during pregnancy, iodine deficiency is mentioned [37]. The most quantity of iodine that ought to be taken daily during pregnancy is 1100 mcg [14].

#### **5.15 Use of magnesium in pregnancy**

Since it cannot be made by the body, it must be obtained through food. Magnesium is found in soil and sea water. There are magnesium reserves in our body that has got to be perpetually replenished, that is, it must be taken unendingly so as to satisfy its functions. The most reservoir of metal is bones, 60% of that is found here alongside Ca and phosphate. However, the most operate of magnesium is not within the bones, however in the blood and muscle systems, wherever 40% is found. It plays a vital role in strengthening muscles, supermolecule synthesis and protein system activity, growth and regeneration of cells. Magnesium is that the fourth ion among the cations found in the body, whereas it's the second cation once atomic number 19 in the cell. In things similar to stress, pregnancy and breastfeeding, the body' would like for magnesium will increase [17]. Once fetal characteristics such as birth weight associated height were examined, magnesium supplementation was found to possess positive results [14]. At identical time, magnesium additionally has the effect of preventing vital sign rise in pregnancy [12]. Whereas the number of magnesium that an adult girl ought to take daily is 320 mg, the amount that a pregnant woman should take is 350 mg [14].
