**15. Co-morbidities, MODS and COVID-19**

Co-morbidities like hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory disorders are associated with COVID-19 infection and they serve as additional risk factors for severity and can have deleterious effect [119–122]. Significant difference was noted in COVID-19 outcomes in those who had co-morbidities and those without it [87, 121]. Multi-organ dysfunction could be due to COVID-19 or may be because of resultant deterioration of co-morbidities associated end–organ acute injury [87]. Drugs used for co-morbidities and for COVID-19 can also lead to multi-organ dysfunction [122]. **Table 3** shows list of co-morbidities commonly encountered in COVID-19 patients leading to organ/multi-organ involvement.



**Table 3.**

*Co-morbidities commonly encountered in COVID-19 patients leading to organ/multi-organ involvement.*
