**4. Linoleic acid recommendations**

The adequate intake (AI) values for linoleic acid for males and females (19-50 years) are 17 grams/day and 12 grams/day, respectively. Regarding males and females ages 51-70 years, the AI values for linoleic acid are 14 grams/day and 11 grams/day, respectively. The American Heart Association recommends consuming 5 to 10% of energy as

linoleic acid to decrease CVD risk [29, 31]. Additionally, the World Health Organization recommends consuming 2.5 to 9% of energy from linoleic acid to decrease LDL and total cholesterol concentrations, and thus, lower the risk for CVD [113]. It is not recommended to consume more than 10% of energy as linoleic acid due to limited research.
