**2.3 Loss of calcification inhibitors**

Along with the aforementioned change in phenotype, the loss of calcification inhibitors must take place concomitantly for the end-result of VC [58]. These are referred as the calcifying protein inhibitors preventing HA harm to ECM and cells [37].

They are herein described:


*Vascular Calcification and Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Problem That Is… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99886*

associated with prevention of calcium-induced signaling pathways and direct mineral-binding to inhibit crystal formation/maturation. GRP is also involved in the mineralization-competence of VSMCs derived EVs and possibly associated with the fetuin-A/MGP calcification inhibitory system [64].

