**2.2 New and emergent risk factors for cardiovascular in aircrew**

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) starts at a very young age and progresses over time allowing sufficient time for screening and early detection of the condition. Because CVD often appears in individuals with lower CVD risk, some other markers should be able to provide added information about individual's risk, above and beyond the traditional risk factors at baseline. Among them are hs-CRP, intima-media thickness (CIMT), LVH, faster HR, kidney dysfunction, carotid ankle-brachial index (ABI), coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, cardiorespiratory fitness, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), micro-albuminuria, and genetic risk markers.
