**3. Dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field induced effects on kinematic viscosity**

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been known to influence the flow and movement of microparticles, nanoparticles and cells [18, 19]. DEP can be explained as the net force encountered by a dielectric (polarized) particle in an electric field [20]. This force is impactful on all charged and uncharged particles and all particles exhibit dielectrophoretic activity in the presence of non-uniform electric fields. The strength of the force is dependent on the medium, electrical properties of the particles, the size and shape of the particles and the designed frequency of the field. This DEP force (FDEP) can be written where E is the electric field and m(ω) is the induced dipole moment on the particle (Eq. (1)) [9]:

$$\mathbf{F\_{DEP}} = \left[\mathbf{m(o)} \bullet \nabla\right] \mathbf{E} \tag{1}$$

DEP can influence a polarizable particle (ion) that is suspended in a medium that is driven by alternating current (ac) or direct current (dc). When a particle that is more polarizable (positively charged) than the surrounding medium the net movement of the particle is oriented towards the region of the highest field flow/strength or positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP). Conversely, particles with polarizability less than that of the medium move towards the region of the lowest field gradient (in opposition to the field) or negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP). The chloride anion is a diamagnetic ion with possible dielectric properties and is therefore repelled by a magnetic field and orients in opposition to the field causing a repulsive force. The positively charged cations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium etc., appear to follow the flow of the field.

In lower magnetic states, positive and negative charges are known to attract thereby allowing chloride anions to form hydrogen-bonded bridges with water molecules while the cations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium etc.) bond to the oxygen side of the water (**Figure 2**) [9, 21]. In a higher magnetic state that may occur in the presence of a DEP EMF, there appears to be a shift in magnetic attraction that has been termed as "*like attracts like"* or "*like likes like*" (**Figure 2**) [9, 14, 15]. This magnetic attraction shift may cause the chloride anion to maintain a different orientation to the water molecule allowing for covalent (stronger) bonding between the chloride and oxygen (i.e., biochloride) as well as between the hydrogen molecules [9, 14, 15] (**Figures 2** and **3**). This magnetic restructuring may coincide with and manifest in micrographs as changes in the bubble coalescence (**Figure 4**). Dr. Gerald Pollack is a pioneer in the science of water structure and he refers to the bubble or droplets noted in the water coalescence studies as vesicles. He hypothesizes that these vesicles change characteristics depending on the phase of water inside (that exists as water vapor) that is generated from the energy they absorb [22]. Dr. Pollack has also identified the phenomenon of EZ water where he discusses how water at the membranes and inside a cell is structured differently than in free/bulk water in nature. He refers to this structured or EZ water as the fourth phase of water [22]. The magnetic shift or change in attraction to "*like likes like*" appears to create an exclusion zone (EZ water) adjacent to the membrane that is a negatively charged crystalline structure or what we have termed biochloride (BCl**−**) while the cations continue to reside in the free/bulk water zone (**Figure 5**) [22]. While ion differential flows across the membranes in most cells, the red blood cell is a torus and carries the differential on the surface of this torus thereby facilitating plasma flow [12, 23]. The diamagnetic chloride is known to play a significant role in the flow of Band3/AE1 anion exchange while the cations reside outside the negative membrane surface in the Stern layer [12, 23].

*The Influence of a Diamagnetic Copper Induced Field on Ion Flow and the Bernoulli Effect… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99175*

#### **Figure 3.**

*Like attracts like - covalent bonding. In the presence of a non-uniform DEP EMF, there is a "like attracts like" or "like likes like" shift in magnetism. The chloride anion forms more stable covalent bonding (versus less stable hydrogen bonding) with the oxygen side of the polar water molecule and the hydrogen atoms do not form hydrogen bonding between other molecules, but instead form more stable covalent bonds between each other.*

#### **Figure 4.**

*Water structure studies in the presence of a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field (for 30 minutes). A 20°F hypotonic saline solution (left) was examined under a microscope 40X (left) with no exposure to dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field and after a 30-minute exposure (right) to the DEP EMF, notice the change in the coalescence of the bubbles (vesicles) that occurs along with the increased viscosity (***Table 1***). The bubbles/ vesicles change form as they absorb energy as well as the phase of water (water vapor) inside the vesicles [22].*

In addition to these magnetically driven structural changes, this data suggests that the application of a non-uniform 2.5 ampere DEP EMF may significantly increase kinematic viscosity (resistance to flow) (**Table 1**). Kinetic viscosity (ν or "nu") is the ratio of the viscosity of a fluid to its density (η/ჹ) or a measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence of gravity (Eq. (2)) [24].

$$\mathbf{v} = \mathfrak{n}/\mathfrak{n} \tag{2}$$

A common unit that is used for kinematic viscosity is the square centimeter per second (cm2 /s) or Stokes (St) named after the Irish mathematician and physicist George Stokes. In our kinematic viscosity studies, using transparent plastic tubes with containing a chrome steel ball and a slower teflon ball, we found a significant increase in the hypotonic saline solution's kinematic viscosity that had been exposed to the non-uniform 2.5 ampere DEP EMF and the control saline solution that had not been exposed to the DEP EMF (Control Mean 8.29 cm2 /s; Treated Mean 7.08 cm<sup>2</sup> /s; p = 0.001) (**Table 1**).

#### **Figure 5.**

*Diamagnetic anisotropy is seen here where the diamagnetic chloride anions (Cl-) spin is in opposition to the flow of the field (***nDEP-***) but are driven/fueled by the potential (molecular ionic attraction potential) energy. The positively charged cations (Na+ ) (K+ ) (Mg+ ) (Ca+ ) (H+ ) flow with the field (***pDEP+***). Also, the biochloride (***BCl-***) and EZ (4th phase) water reside at both the plasma and cytoplasmic domains at the membrane and allow for the cations to enter the membrane through this magnetic shift in attraction. The magnetic shift to "like attracts like" allows for free flow of cations through the membranes (kinetic energy) possibly without a need for phosphorylation of ATP, thereby utilizing magnetic energy harnessed within the EZ-structured water/bio-chloride. This may offer a conservation of energy (Bernoulli effect) mechanism by using magnetism instead of ATP phosphorylation to drive ion differential maintenance. Note: The ionic differential of a red blood cell in the plasma is on the surface of the torus versus across the membrane [12, 23].*

#### **Table 1.**

*Kinematic viscosity study- t-tests of viscosity (cm<sup>2</sup> /s) between DEP EMF control versus treated hypotonic saline solution.*
