**2. The role of diamagnetic copper in the generation of dielectrophoretic electromagnetic fields**

Copper is an essential trace element that is vital to the health of all living things. While the importance of copper in health maintenance is widely accepted, exactly how this trace element functions within biological systems has been poorly defined to date. It is known that diamagnetic materials such as copper and chloride are repelled by and flow in *opposition* to a magnetic field. In contrast, paramagnetic materials such as sodium and ferromagnetic materials such as iron are attracted to and flow *with* the magnetic field [9]. Diamagnetic materials possess complete shells which behave as electric current loops that orient themselves in specific ways in magnetic fields. Copper is diamagnetic because unpaired electrons in the 4 s orbitals are localized to form metallic bonds. Historically, it has been thought that diamagnetism offers a weak or negligible contribution to a magnetic field. However, recent data suggest that diamagnetic metals such as copper may indeed play a significant role in the energy of life or the internal energy components of kinetic and potential
