**1. Introduction**

The Bernoulli Effect was formulated by a Swiss mathematician, Johann Bernoulli in 1738 to describe the principle of conservation of energy in fluid flow and can be applied to fluid dynamics in vascular arterial and cellular membrane flow [1–3]. The study of the Bernoulli Effect can enhance an understanding of how pressure relates to motion and energy to drive physiology in these areas of the body. One known mechanism for inducing flow that has *not* been included in the Bernoulli Effect equation is viscosity or resistance to flow [3]. To date, the liquid phase with regards to viscosity, pressure and flow is the least well understood of all the phases of matter [4, 5]. Viscosity can be defined as quantifying the internal frictional force that arises between adjacent layers of fluid that are in motion as can be found in plasma and cellular membrane flow [6].

Since water constitutes ~75 percent of the fluids that flow in the adult human body, water can be seen as not only critical to the sustenance of the physiological functions of life but also to the understanding of the conservation of energy in fluid flow of the body [7]. Studies of water have shown the potential of water-dielectric

interfaces (as seen with chloride and water in plasma flow and cellular membranes) in electrostatic/potential energy harnessing and harvesting [8]. Recent cellular studies have also suggested that water and molecular attractions may play significant roles in the harnessing of energy components such as kinetic and potential bio-energy at the interface of cell membranes and in plasma flow [9–13]. Water that resides adjacent to hydrophilic surfaces/membranes appears to have defining characteristics that differ from bulk/free water (outside membranes and in the environment) and these unique features may correlate to the capacity to use magnetic attraction to harness energy and facilitate flow and movement of ionic solutions within plasma and across cell membranes [9, 14, 15]. Also, the use of a dielectrophoretic electromagnetic field (DEP EMF) that is generated with the influence of the noble diamagnetic metal, copper appears to have a significant impact on cellular function in biological systems [9, 14, 15]. Decades ago, research on diamagnetic copper and the role it plays in living systems began after the discovery that it was necessary for hemoglobin formation in rats, yet copper and its defining attributes of its contributary role in biological systems remain elusive to date [16]. Could viscosity that is not included in the Bernoulli equation by Johann Bernoulli be a significant component of the actual harnessing of magnetic energy in fluid flow in biological systems? It is known that a magnetorheological fluid becomes thicker and more viscous when subjected to a magnetic field [10]. The influence of diamagnetic copper on the generation of a.

DEP EMF appears to increase viscosity and change water structure in these kinematic viscosity and bubble coalescence studies presented below. This data suggests that this increase in viscosity may be related to a magnetic structural shift of the diamagnetic chloride's attraction to water and other materials in living systems [9]. This data, along with other recently published studies suggest that the influence of this diamagnetic metal (copper) induced DEP EMF on the dielectric anion, chloride may increase viscosity and decrease pressure in the flow in living systems thereby offering alternative kinetic and potential bio-energy sources (conservation of energy/ Bernoulli effect) for plasma and membrane flow in cellular functions within biological systems [9, 12, 13, 17]. Historically, increased viscosity in fluid flow in living systems (i.e., plasma flow) has not been desirable due to its association with stagnation and dysfunction of fluid flow. With the use of the data from the kinematic viscosity and bubble coalescence studies along with theory and computational equations, we will discuss some possible unknown characteristics of magnetism and viscosity and how it may impact conservation of energy in fluid flow in biological systems.
