**4. Kinematic viscosity induced effect on pressure, kinetic bio-energy and potential bio-energy**

One known effect of an increase in viscous forces is the ability to conduct negative work (drop in fluid pressure along the flow path) on the fluid, reducing its macroscopic mechanical energy while increasing the internal energy (microscopic kinetic/molecular ionic potential energy) and resulting in a slight increase in temperature [4]. Since pressure is a measure of fluid mechanical energy per unit *The Influence of a Diamagnetic Copper Induced Field on Ion Flow and the Bernoulli Effect… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99175*

volume, the correlation of a decrease in macroscopic mechanical pressure along the flow path (i.e., through vessels or across membranes) along with the increased internal energy (kinetic and potential bio-energy) of the fluid is noted in the Bernoulli Equation below (Eq. (3)) [25]:

$$\mathbf{P\_{\tiny{u}}} + \mathsf{Val}\,\mathsf{p}\mathbf{v\_{\tiny{u}}}^{\ast} + \mathsf{p}\mathbf{g}\mathbf{h\_{\tiny{u}}} = \mathbf{P\_{\tiny{u}}} + \mathsf{Val}\,\mathsf{p}\mathbf{v\_{\tiny{u}}}^{\ast} + \mathsf{p}\mathbf{g}\mathbf{h\_{\tiny{u}}} \tag{3}$$

The variables **P1, ν1** and **h1** refer to the pressure, speed and height of the fluid at the initiation point and the variables **P**2**, ν<sup>2</sup> 2** and **h2** refer to the pressure, speed and height of the fluid as it flows to another point. Also, **½ ρν<sup>2</sup>** = kinetic energy per unit volume (Eq. (4)) and **ρgh** = potential energy per unit volume [25]. It is known that P2 < P1 for as the fluid transitions along the flow path, the pressure energy decreases while the kinetic energy and potential energy increase. In other words, increased fluid speed creates decreased internal pressure. This Bernoulli Equation as well as viscosity induced by a DEP EMF may indeed correlate to a conservation of energy principle where the increase in viscosity may trigger the lowering of pressure in the regions where the flow/velocity is increased along with increased kinetic bio-energy and potential bio-energy.

The average kinetic energy (**KE avg**) per unit volume (**V**) of flowing fluid can be expressed in terms of the fluid density (**ρ**) and maximum flow velocity (**νm**) (Eq. (4)) [25]:

$$\mathbf{KE}\_{\text{avg}} \;/\; \mathbf{V} = \left(\mathsf{V}\mathsf{z}\mathsf{p}\right)\left(\mathsf{v}^{\mathsf{z}}\mathsf{z} \;/\; \mathsf{3}\right) \tag{4}$$

When the kinetic energy of fluid is examined with regards to laminar flow (as occurs in the plasma and across the cellular membranes) one must take the average of the velocity (shear stress and velocity gradient = viscosity) squared into account. The relationship between velocity and viscosity again speaks to the strong correlation viscosity has to kinetic energy. Increased viscosity and increased velocity may indeed be a significant factor in the internal kinetic energy (and pressure changes as well) and temperature regulation in biological systems. Might this non-uniform 2.5 ampere DEP EMF driven increase in kinematic viscosity offer a Bernoulli effect/ conservation of energy (via increased kinematic viscosity➔ increased averaged velocity ➔ decreased pressure) in biological systems? Could this also have implications for membrane flow, plasma flow, blood pressure regulation and temperature control in the living organisms [9, 12, 23]?

One area where potential energy of a moving fluid in biological systems may reside would be in or near the membranes of cells. According to Dr. Pollack and EZ water (fourth phase) can be seen to function as a battery [22]. There have also been additional studies that suggest this structured or EZ water may increase the magnetic property or diamagnetism of the chloride ion and significantly modulate chloride ion channels both across the membranes and on the surface of red blood cells [9, 11–13, 23]. As stated earlier, chloride is a diamagnetic ion (that displays dielectric properties) that is both repelled and driven by the magnetic field. This dielectric behavior may offer a diamagnetic anisotropy mechanism in the membrane (**Figure 6**). *In vitro* and human studies using a copper influenced DEP EMF have shown a significant increase in chloride channel modulation [9, 11–13, 23]. The paramagnetic cations (Na<sup>+</sup> , Mg+ , Ca+, K+ , H+ ) move in the direction of the field or with the flow of the field, while the diamagnetic chloride anion will move in opposition to the field, acting as a field separator and facilitator of movement (through repulsion) for the cations (**Figure 6**). Chloride ion channel inhibition has been

#### **Figure 6.**

*The internal potential molecular ionic attraction energy forms an exclusion zone or the fourth phase of water. The internal potential energy driven molecular ionic attraction facilitates a "like attracts like" or "like likes like" (EZ water) where chloride and water create crystalline structure with water tetrahedrons as they absorb magnetic energy [9, 14, 22] (***Figures 2***–***4***). The hydrogen ions bond or coalesce (molecular ionic attraction potential energy) and the negatively charged diamagnetic chloride anion (with an oxygen operating as a charge separator- bio-chloride/EZ water) spins in opposition to the field facilitating the passage (kinetic energy) of the charged cations through the field/membranes. This constitutes diamagnetic anisotropy and basically catapults the cations through the membrane with electromagnetically driven kinetic energy and potential energy in biological systems (***Figure 5***) [9, 14, 22].*

noted with increased levels of extracellular ATP [26]. Volume sensitive chloride channels have also been found to be regulated by intracellular ATP concentrations [27]. Since the application of this DEP EMF has shown significant upregulation of chloride ion channels in *in vitro* studies, might this external DEP EMF application offer an external energy source that is not dependent or regulated by ATP levels in the organism? Could this offer an energy conservation source for cellular function within biological systems?
