**6.3 Enforcement of legislative instrument 1932**

The enforcement of L.I. 1932 at Ghana's ports of entry by the Ghana Energy Commission prohibited the importation of an estimated number of 4,854,864 units of used refrigerating appliances between 2013 and 2020. A total of 5825.84 GWh of electricity would have been consumed with over 2.33 million tonnes of CO2 released into the atmosphere if the ban was not enforced. However, data available at the Ghana Energy Commission shows that a total of 46,666 used refrigerators and 11,003 used RACs were imported through illegal means by some recalcitrant

*The Impact of Energy Efficiency Programmes in Ghana DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101607*

importers. They were subsequently confiscated by the Ghana Energy Commission inspectors positioned at the ports and evacuated for e-disposal [39]. **Figure 4** shows the yearly trend in the importation of used refrigerators, particularly the downward trend between 2013 and 2020 during MEPS implementation.

The average annual energy consumptions of a used refrigerator and used RAC are 1200 kWh per year and 4000 kWh per year respectively [39]. The rigorous enforcement of L.I. 1932 since 2013, yielded a total of 100 GWh of electricity and 40,000 tonnes of CO2 savings for those confiscated used appliances based on Eqs. (2) and (3).

#### **6.4 Enforcement of legislative instrument 1958**

Enforcing L.I. 1958 resulted in the importation of 2,378,432 new and efficient refrigerating appliances into the country between 2013 and 2020, thus preventing the importation of used and inefficient ones [39]. Data analysis indicated that 92% of all refrigerating appliances imported between 2013 and 2020 were new and efficient in accordance with L.I. 1958. About 74.8% of these appliances were 2- to 5 star rated with 87.2% of all imports laden with R600a refrigerant (hydrocarbon) [39], which has both low global warming potential (GWP) and low ozone-depleting potential (ODP) and therefore more energy-efficient [40]. The remaining 8%, which were used refrigerators were confiscated. The rise in the importation and sale of new refrigerating appliances is primarily due to strict regulations, procedures and controls implemented at the ports of entry, regular market surveillance and stringent compliance monitoring. These measures help to ensure that only appliances that meet MEPS are permitted into the Ghanaian market. **Figure 5** shows how the refrigerating appliance market in Ghana has evolved/transformed over the years (2005–2020) from being a completely used and inefficient refrigerator market (88.9% inefficient in 2005) to new and efficient ones (99.1% efficient in 2020) as a result of MEPS implementation.

The average annual energy consumption of these new and efficient appliances has dropped drastically due to MEPS implementation compared with the used refrigerators. Consumption values reduced from about 1400 kWh per unit per year to 340 kWh per unit per year [39]. **Figure 6** shows the trend in the average annual energy consumption patterns of refrigerating appliances over the years especially that during the implementation period.

**Figure 4.** *Yearly imported used refrigerating appliances to Ghana from 2005 to 2020.*

**Figure 5.** *Evidence of transformed market through MEPS from 2005 to 2020.*

#### **Figure 6.**

*Average annual energy consumption patterns for new fridges.*

Assuming that 90% of the new refrigerating appliances were sold between 2013 and 2020. **Figure 7** presents the analysis of the total electricity and CO2 emission savings based on Eqs. (1)–(3). From the analysis, a total of 5845 GWh electricity has been saved with a corresponding 2.56 million tonnes of CO2 emission savings resulting from MEPS due to L.I. 1958 enforcement. This is equivalent to more than 3.4% of the total *thermal electricity generated* in 2015 [6], thereby further preventing the construction of a 667 MW power plant capacity.

#### **6.5 Enforcement of legislative instrument 1815**

A total of 904,923 new RACs were imported and inspected at the Port of Tema since 2014 [39]. About 54.6% of the RACs on the Ghanaian market are 1-star rated with an average EER of 2.87, which is above the minimum EER of 2.80 with an average annual rated power consumption of 3347.4 kWh [37]. Also, 56% of the RACs were laden with R410a refrigerant which is more energy-efficient than R22 [40]. The average annual energy consumption of a used RAC is 4000 kWh per year [39]. Therefore, 652.6 kWh of electricity has been saved per unit per year due to MEPS. Assuming that 90% of the new RACs were sold between 2014 and 2020. **Figure 8** presents the analysis of the total electricity and CO2 emission savings using Eqs. (1)–(3). From the analysis, about 1900 GWh electricity has been saved with a corresponding 783,000 tonnes of CO2 emission savings resulting from MEPS due to L.I. 1815 enforcement.

*The Impact of Energy Efficiency Programmes in Ghana DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101607*


#### **Figure 7.**

*Analysis of total electricity and CO2 emission savings for refrigerating appliances.*


**Figure 8.**

*Analysis of total electricity and CO2 emission savings for RACs.*

## **6.6 Compliance levels of refrigerating appliance and RACs**

Analysis of some of the reports at the Ghana Energy Commission indicated that the compliance levels of the refrigerating appliances and RACs have been increasing over the years. Between 2017 and 2020, the compliance level of the imported refrigerating appliance increased from 92.6% to 97.0% whilst that of RACs also saw an upsurge from 79.2% to 96.8% [37, 39]. **Figure 9** shows the trends in the compliance levels of these appliances from 2017 to 2020.

The analysis further revealed that the following factors contributed to the high compliance levels in an attempt to transform the appliance market in Ghana [37, 39]:


#### **Figure 9.**

*Trends in compliance levels for refrigerating appliances and RACs from 2017 to 2020.*

