**3. Improve haul trucks energy efficiency**

In a surface mining operation, truck haulage accounts for most costs. In surface mines, diesel fuel is used as an energy source for haul trucks, which is expensive and has a significant environmental effect. Energy efficiency is widely acknowledged as the easiest and most cost-effective strategy to manage rising energy bills and lower glasshouse gas emissions.

Depending on the production capacity and site layout, haul trucks are utilized in conjunction with other equipment such as excavators, shovels, and loaders. They collaborate to dig ore or waste material out of the pit and carry it to a disposal site, stockpile, or the next step in the mining operation [11].

The pace of energy consumption is determined by various factors that can be evaluated and tweaked to achieve optimal performance levels [12]. The energy efficiency of the mine fleet is affected by a variety of factors, including site production rate, vehicle age and maintenance, payload, speed, cycle time, mine layout, mine plan, idle time, tire wear, rolling resistance, dumpsite design, engine operating parameters, and transmission shift patterns. To improve energy efficiency, this knowledge can be incorporated into mining plan costing and design methods [8].

To assess the prospects for strengthening truck energy efficiency, a comprehensive analytical framework can be built.

We can not only save money each year by improving the energy efficiency of mine haulage systems, but we can also save considerable emissions of glasshouse gases and other air pollutants.
