**4. Battery energy storage system alone**

Considering battery energy storage systems (BESS) without any external generating source would require that its charging is supported by the electrical grid. Analysis in [13] shows that there is not any reduction in the total daily energy supplied by the Utility, hence the only benefit that can be achieved would be for the Utilities' peak load shaving. This arrangement shows no customer benefit and does not result in any energy saving for the Power Utility either. For a consumer with a BESS installation only, a likely benefit is to run on charge cycles during periods of low load and inject at periods of high utility demand especially if tariffs are based on time of use.
