**3.3 Effect of cations variation**

Kim and Shahinpoor [28] investigated in detail to realise that IPMC polymer matrix features vary depending on cations variation. Each membrane was manufactured to absorb dissimilar counter-ions likely as Li+ , Na+ , H+ , Ca2+, K+ , Ba2+, Mg2+ by sopping it in a particular solution of salt (1.5 N of LiCl, NaCl, HCl, CaCl2, KCL, BaCl2, MgCl2), individually for 3 days at 30°C [6, 29, 30]. All the IPMC sample is monitored at null displacement holding different cations with respect to the Na+ ions in IPMC. So it is clear that Li+ � comprising IPMC is more outstanding than others, representing those hydration procedures compared to transportable cations that create a prominent character in actuation. Similarly, Flemion corroborates the same response (**Figure 5**) [31].
