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## Meet the editors

Prof. Dr. Yizi Shang is a pioneering researcher in hydrology and water resources who has devoted his research career to promoting the conservation and protection of water resources for sustainable development. He is presently associate editor of *Water International* (official journal of the International Water Resources Association). He was also invited to serve as an associate editor for special issues of the *Journal of the American Water* 

*Resources Association*. He has served as an editorial member for international journals such as *Hydrology*, *Journal of Ecology & Natural Resources*, and *Hydro Science & Marine Engineering*, among others. He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.

Prof. Dr. Ling Shang has carried out extensive field and model studies on artificial intelligence, big data, and edge computing related to the intelligent operation of various engineering projects. His most recent work focuses on the joint operation of cascaded hydropower projects and their impact on efficiency improvement. He was elected a distinguished member of the China Computer Federation (CCF) and appointed the head of Key Lab-

oratory of Artificial Intelligence Research, Nanjing Vocational College of Information Technology, China. He received a BEng from Zhengzhou University, China, in 2003, MEng from Hohai University, China, in 2006, and Ph.D. in Engineering from Université de Lille, France, in 2011.

Prof. Li Xiaofei is the director of the Architectural Research Institute, SANY Construction Technology Co., Ltd., China. Since 2009 she has been involved in the construction of many building projects across China, including hydropower projects in Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Haihe River basins. She has led the team to overcome difficulties in the electrical engineering planning and management field and made large-scale hydro-

power projects optimally operated. In 2020, she obtained a Registered Electrical Engineer certificate. Prof. Xiaofei holds four registered patents and has published eleven papers.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

Sector

**Preface XI**

Hydropower Construction and Renewal **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 19**

Hydropower Technological Innovations **33**

**Chapter 3 35**

Hydropower Managment Development **51**

**Chapter 4 53**

Ecological Protection and Sustainability **73**

**Chapter 5 75**

**Chapter 6 91**

Innovative Projects and Technology Implementation in the Hydropower

Hydropower Development in China: A Leapfrog Development Secured by Technological Progress of Dam Construction

Hydropower in Russia: Case Study on Hydrological Management

*by Pavel N. Terskii, Galina S. Ermakova and Olga V. Gorelits*

Improved Memetic Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch

*by Ling Shang, Xiaofei Li, Haifeng Shi, Feng Kong and Ying Wang*

*by Yizi Shang, Xiaofei Li and Ling Shang*

of the Volga-Kama Cascade

Hydro Power Tower (HYPOT) *by George Mamulashvili*

in a Large Hydropower Plant

*by Emanuele Quaranta*

*by Hemlal Bhattarai*

Hydropower and Sustainability

## Contents

*by Hemlal Bhattarai*


Preface

The hydropower sector has gone through more than 140 years since the world's first hydropower station was established in 1878. Hydropower construction in most developed countries unfolded from the 1920s to the 1960s and entered a stable development stage in the 1970s, with hydropower resources in Switzerland and France almost fully exploited in the 1980s. The upsurges of hydropower construction in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States began in the 1960s. Since then, emerging and developing economies have been leading global hydropower growth, while the hydropower infrastructure of developed countries is gradually aging. The average service life of hydropower stations is close to 50 years in North America and 45 years in Europe. Signs of risks from aging infrastructure are observed all over the world. Examples include the flooding of the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydropower Station in Russia in August 2009 and the damage to the spillways of the Oroville Dam in the United States in 2017, prompting the evacuation of residents around the dam.

Hydropower has represented a decreasing share of power generation in advanced economies since 2000. Even so, global installed hydropower capacity has increased by 70% over the past two decades. Globally, about half of the economic potential of hydropower remains untapped, with a particular high of nearly 60% in emerging and developing economies. In addition, there are already a massive number of hydropower facilities that have been providing affordable and reliable renewable power on demand for decades. Modern upgrades are needed to ensure that they can

contribute to power security in a sustainable manner in the coming decades.

in implementing relatively robust upgrades to hydropower facilities.

hydropower generation.

This book introduces technological innovations in hydropower engineering and their contributions to rapid and sustainable hydropower development. It consists of six chapters, that cover the leapfrog development of hydropower in China, hydropower station operation and intelligent management, research on new methods of hydropower utilization, research on the optimized operation of hydropower stations, case studies of hydropower technology innovations, and sustainability of

China is undoubtedly the fastest, though not the earliest, in hydropower development in the world. As of the end of 2020, China's installed hydropower capacity

Hydropower is not only a maturely used clean energy source, but it is also a highly flexible energy storage system. Compared with nuclear power, coal power, and even gas-fired power, hydropower is quicker in regulating electricity production, so it can efficiently serve peak shaving in the future when wind power, solar, and other intermittent power sources are applied on a large scale. In 2020, hydropower accounted for 17% of global power generation, the third-largest source of electricity after coal and natural gas. From 2021 to 2030, global installed hydropower capacity is expected to keep expanding by 17% to reach 230 GW, according to a report from the International Energy Agency. In this context, a challenge for global sustainable hydropower development will be to support the healthy and rapid growth of hydropower in emerging and developing economies and assist developed countries
