**3. Conclusions**

Biochar is widely used in wastewater treatment and soil remediation and shows great potential in ameliorating the toxicological effect of antibiotics, pesticides, antibiotic resistance genes, and heavy metals. Biochar efficacy for reducing the availability and mobility of potentially toxic elements in soil and water is dependent on the properties and chemical structure of the contaminants, as well as the adsorption process conditions; however, it is primarily dependent on biochar

physicochemical properties. Biochar properties are predominantly determined by the feedstock type used and pyrolysis temperature. Hence, to obtain an efficient and selective biochar adsorbent, it is essential to select appropriate feedstocks and production conditions. However, research gaps still exist in the development of practical methods for preparing and applying different biochars that target specific heavy metals, and more research is needed to expand knowledge in this area.
