*Life Cycle Assessment of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Using both Problem… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98398*

Hierarchism (H) on the other hand is a balanced perspective whose basis is on the prevalent policy principles [44]. Also, ReCiPe provides other set of weighting factors (A) by averaging the weighting factors of the three viewpoints. The balanced term H is the default, recommended choice. The average value (A) will be adopted in this study. Therefore, ReCiPe Midpoint (H)- World H and ReCiPe Endpoint (H)-World H/A, are used in this study for the assessment of ordinary Portland cement. The software used for the LCA in this study is SimaPro 9.0.49 which incorporates the latest version of Ecoinvent (v 3.5) database [45].

The dataset in **Table 1** describes the production of clinker; in the production, different types of alternative fuels and raw materials are used. This database is




*Life Cycle Assessment of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Using both Problem… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98398*

#### **Table 1.**

*Production data of 1 kg of clinker.*

modeled for the world without Europe, US, Switzerland, China, India and it is valid from 2005 to 2018.

This dataset was created as a weighted average of the regional clinker production activities. The activities end with the cooling of the produced clinker. It includes the whole manufacturing process to produce clinker (raw material provision, grinding and mixing; rotary kiln process), internal processes (transport, etc.) and for the infrastructure only the rotary kiln (material consumption) is taken into account [46]. No administration is included. Waste (as secondary fuel and raw material) enter the system without environmental burdens from upstream processes. After the production of clinker, cement was thereafter produced. **Table 2** represents the production data of 1 kg of cement [47].


#### **Table 2.**

*Production data of 1 kg of Portland cement.*
