**6. Conclusion**

This chapter discussed practical and nearly optimal designs for clinical trials. One of the major concerns is that response-adaptive designs have so much potential to complement the traditional experimental designs. The use of the data acquired during the trial may benefit the trial in numerous ways such as improving the statistical power, reducing the cost of the trial by recalculating the required sample size, assigning more subjects to a better treatment or treatment sequences, or utilizing the information acquired from the covariates to improve efficiency. The multiple objective criteria may incorporate more components or select various other sets of components such as cost efficiency versus statistical efficiency and many others.

To achieve any efficiency in trials with binary responses, we start by recognizing that they have distinct properties that are different from continuous responses in that their means and variances are functions of the outcomes. As a result, binary response designs are response-dependent. Due to this characteristic, the construction of
