**3. Concrete productions**

Concrete construction demands land and hence the sourcing of materials for construction activities (aggregates, cement, waters, admixtures, etc.) from quarry sites and borrows pits can potentially end in the whole removal of vegetation and virgin materials. Additionally, the displacement of individual, concrete ingredients production resalted for losing of important ecological resources for local people, vegetation that gives watershed protection, and as a result the diminution of biodiversity of national or regional or global importance.

The aggregate manufacturing steps have many considerable environmental impacts. The foremost obvious environmental effect resulted from stone, aggregates, and mineral mines for industries is the degraded quality of air, and related health effects, sourcing from airborne emission from both stack and also disturbed areas at these mines. Natural deposits sources of aggregates are being depleted and causing a heavy threat to the environment and likewise to society. Because of a high rate of natural aggregates depletion from its source beds causing lots of problems such as loss of strata of water-retaining, bank slides, exposing water supply scheme intake wells, dropping underground water table levels which become a cause for agricultural effect and aquatic life disturbances.

In emerging nations like Ethiopia, due to rapid urbanization and infrastructure projects, there is a wide expansion of cement industries that releasing this pollutant to the surrounding. Apart from these environmental concerns regarding CO2 emission during cement manufacturing, natural resource-demanding also makes cement expensive when compared with aggregates and water for concrete productions. Consequently, to overcome these problems, searching for more

environmentally friendly and economical materials that have cement properties has prolonged attention in other such types of materials that can be used fully or partially substitute normal Portland cement.
