**5. Concrete and sustainability**

Currently, Sustainability is an important issue all over the globe and it is affected by cement and concrete technology. The construction industry particularly cement and concrete are responsible for the production of 7% carbon dioxide of the total world CO2 emission. Green concrete capable of sustainable construction is characterized by the application of industrial wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources and energy and pollution of the environment. Replacement of materials over nominal concrete is what makes green concrete more environmentally friendly concrete.

Cement is a pillar to develop infrastructures in the given nations. At the same time, cement production affects the local environment and nearby communities. The environmental issues of cement manufacturing are related to local, regional, and global problems in their mining and mineral processing. The local problems include dust, ground subsidence, noise, vibrations, chemical contamination, tailings spills, scenic and local ecological degradation, and health problems among miners. Regional problems are acid rain and contamination of surface and/or groundwater spills of processing chemicals and stream sediment loading. Global problems are the effects of mineral use and anthropogenic greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. On the one hand, dust emission sources are kiln, crusher, grinders, clinker coolers, and material handling equipment, which are in

*Production of Sustainable Concrete by Using Challenging Environmentally Friendly Materials… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99239*

crushing and pyro processing. Besides, clinker manufacturing of pyro-processing is a considerable source of emission such as Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), gases like CO2, Sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, and dioxins [11–15].

Air emitted/vented from various stages of cement processing contains dust, SO2, NOx, CO2, and heavy metals which can negatively affect the air quality of the area. One of the most common methods for reducing the environmental effect of concrete is by adding recycled materials to the concrete. The increased environmental awareness and dwindling resources in conjunction with regulation-based impetus enforced by governments/regional councils of different countries have led to the research and development of products and processes that employ effective waste utilization.
