**4. Cementiouse materials**

Cement is a material with cohesive and adhesive characteristics that make it capable of bonding mineral fragments into a compact whole and having major roles in concrete for the construction industry. But in the reveres, it is not environmentalfriendly and the most expensive concreting materials.

Usage of concrete mix design with optimum cement content, enhancement of concrete durability, and use of supplementary cementing materials are the focus areas for sustainability in concrete industries.

Therefore, requirements for durable, economical, and more environmentalfriendly ingredients for concrete, particularly for cement, have stretched curiosity to other cementing construction materials which can be used as partially or fully replaced the normal Portland cement for the sustainable construction industry.

The cement which is one of the basic ingredients of concrete is the fine gray powder and when it reacted with water it forms to harden, rigid and stable structures which bonded aggregates together acting like glue and gives the desired strength of concrete. The first invention of cement started when Romans, mixed lime (CaCO3) with volcanic ash, producing cement mortar which was used during the construction of monumental structures as coliseum [1]. In accumulation to this, cement is defined as a mineral chemical produced by mixing a well-defined ratio of raw materials at highly elevated temperatures. Cement is a universally known and applicable construction material throughout the world. Besides, the depletion of inputs raw material for manufacturing of cement is one of the environmental effects, there is plenty of emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. It is believed that one tone of cement clinker production creates almost an equivalent ton of CO2 and other greenhouse gases [2]. This implies that the quantity of cement produced is directly proportional to gas emission to the environment. And also, it shows that the cement factories tremendously contribute to today's worldwide apprehension, which is global warming. Furthermore, to its releases of different gases, extraction of raw materials is environmentally unfriendly due to degradation and disturbance of the existing natural environment. This shows that the cement industry contributes to today's worldwide concern, which is global warming. This endangers the sustainability of the cement factory and that of concrete. Beyond this cement industry needs high capital investment, energy-intensive, and highly dependent on power and transport and it leads cement as the greatest environmentally unfriendly and costliest imputes of concrete for the following three reasons.

#### a.Cost of production

The cement factory is one of the most energy-consuming/intensive industry in the globe and consequently, 30–40% of the total production cost it goes to fuel and energy cost for production. The cost of raw materials represents the second-largest percentage of cement manufacturers' cost structures. The abundance of this ingredient for cement production is reliable in most parts of the country and the availability of these raw materials is justified by the distribution of cement factories throughout the country with its raw materials for cement factories. However, variances across regions and companies depend on the operating efficiency of each producer comparative to others.

*Production of Sustainable Concrete by Using Challenging Environmentally Friendly Materials… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99239*
